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Research paper on gorillas
Research paper on gorillas
Research paper on gorillas
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The gorilla is one of the most fascinating primates known to man, whose evolutionary history has been shrouded in mystery for many years. However, with the advent of DNA sequencing, this great ape’s genealogical history is now coming to light, which is perhaps a contradiction of what was formerly the conventional wisdom of the phylogenetic category of the gorilla. The perception of this great ape was once that of a brutish and aggressive animal, who was to be feared and avoided; yet, through scientific research a newfound understanding of the gorilla was adopted in the mid-nineteenth century. The gorilla has been persistently studied in its natural habitat in the mountain and lowland rainforest regions throughout various parts of Africa, which has enriched mankind’s understanding of this gentle and family oriented creature.
Molecular phylogeny was the long held standard for the evolutionary tree of primates and other living creatures; however, DNA sequencing has become the popular and more reliable replacement for this form of classification (Brown, 2002). In March of 2012 “a multi-national group of researchers” announced that the gorilla genome had been sequenced ("Gorilla genome sequenced". 2012), which led to a greater understanding of gorilla and human evolution. According to the “Gorilla genome sequenced,” the disclosures provided by the genome sequencing include corresponding evolutionary patterns that were similar in the development of “hearing perception,” which developed rather quickly in both human and gorilla species, illustrating a similar degree of evolutionary processes. (2012). This finding would refute the earlier held contention that hearing was correlated to speech and shows that the similarities are more profou...
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Brown, T. (2002). Molecular Phylogenetics - Genomes - NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21122/
CMS (2009, February 20). Gorilla: Conservation Status. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.naturalsciences.be/science/projects/gorilla/aboutgorilla
Csomos, R. A. (2008). ADW: Gorilla gorilla: INFORMATION. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Gorilla_gorilla/
Fisher, C. (2001, May). Psychology History. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/fossey.htm
Gorilla genome sequenced. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://phys.org/news/2012-03-gorilla-genome-sequenced.html
Scally, A., et. al (2012). Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence. Nature, 483 (7388), 169-175. doi:10.1038/nature10842
Crickett Sanz, Dave Morgan, & Steve Gulick. "New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin." The American Naturalist 164.5 (2004): 56-581. Article. 25 April 2014.
I visited the Sacramento Zoo during the afternoon of April 21, 2017. The weather was wonderful, sunny, warm, and there was a slight breeze. It got a bit more breezy the longer I was there. Visiting the zoo to observe primates allowed me to become a little more aware of how primatologists study primates. Even though I’ve been to many different zoos several different times, I never realized how many primates were associated with the zoos, as well as the variety of primates in the zoos. The Sacramento Zoo has eight different primates, all in different classifications, superfamilies, or subfamilies. While observing the Chimpanzees, White-Handed Gibbon, Mongoose Lemur, White-Faced Saki, and the Wolf’s Guenon I could see the differences
While there are noticeable by differences in social conduct between these two primates, I argue that they are extra of similar behaviors than most books have suggested. This book portrays several reasons that modern views of bonobo and chimpanzee cultures may not harmonize well with ground data. Bonobos are derived since their behavior has been defined lately than that of chimpanzees, and the likelihood that explanations of bonobo-chimpanzee differences are echoes of human male-female alterations.
The evolution of man is constantly in question. While we are reasonably sure that modern humans and primates are both related to the same common ancestor, there is constant debate over what initially caused the two species to split into early hominids and apes. According to some, our longest and most popular theory on the division of man and ape is profoundly wrong. However, those same individuals usually offer an equally controversial theory as a substitute, one that is almost impossible to scientifically test or prove. Both the Savanna Theory and the Aquatic Ape Theory offer solutions to how and why humans evolved into bipedal toolmakers. But with enough questioning, each loses its accountability to rhetorical science.
Rienzo, Anna Di. Wilson, Allan. 1991. Branching pattern in the evolutionary tree for human mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 88: 1597-1601.
Every few years, Hollywood releases a new Planet of the Ape movie, which is always a blockbuster hit. Moviegoers flock to see these movies of how apes rise together and how they are actually more intelligent than meets the eye. Most people do not know the premise behind these movies of how smart and closely related apes are to humans. This is because people probably have never taken a physical anthropology class and have not done research on apes –our closet kins. Known for his immense studies in the fields of apes and monkeys, his long term research in the behavior of chimpanzees and mountain gorillas, and his experience in the forests with the apes, the co-director of the Jane Goodall Research Center and writer of our textbook, primatologist
Primates, any placental mammal of the order Primates, normally having flexible hands and feet and, in the higher apes, a highly developed brain (“Primate”, 2016), have been one of the most popular animals and prominent attractions in zoos.
Quiatt, D., & Reynolds, V. (1993). Primate behaviour: information, social knowledge, and the evolution of culture. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press].
The species A. afarensis is one of the better known australopithecines, with regards to the number of samples attributed to the species. From speculations about their close relatives, the gorilla and chimpanzee, A. afarensis’ probable social structure can be presumed. The species was named by Johanson and Taieb in 1973. This discovery of a skeleton lead to a heated debate over the validity of the species. The species eventually was accepted by most researchers as a new species of australopithecine and a likely candidate for a human ancestor.
Apes, like humans, are catarrhines and part of the superfamily hominoidea. Apes started to appear in the Miocene about 20 million years ago(lecture notes, week 10), under this category there are many primates that are distinguished as apes, such as, orangutans, gibbons, chimpanzees, and gorillas. These particular primates are from the old world and are native to Africa and Asia. Apes can be distinguished by the foramen magnum towards the back of the skull, having no tail, and having a hook nose (Larsen 2013, p. 150). Another characteristic of apes is that they have large brains for their body size, this is important because it shows they have a higher intelligence than other animals, and this can be connected to the relationship shared with humans.
Bindon, Jim 2004 Fossil Hominids. ANT 270 Notes. http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant270/lectures/ hominids1.pdf Delson, Eric 1981
The idea that humans could possibly have evolved from apes was thought impossible until about 150 years. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contribution to evolutionary theory, stated “humans evolved from an apelike ancestor” (1). Still after Darwin’s theories, many people still doubted the chances of this being true. Just in the past decade have scientists reached a general agreement about the evolutionary relationships between humans and apes. DNA evidence indicates that chimps and bonobos are more closely related to humans than they are to gorillas! Technically humans are a kind of great ape, and that is why throughout the article Smuts will refer to apes as forest apes.
Neves, A. M., & Serva, M. (2012). Extremely Rare Interbreeding Events Can Explain Neanderthal DNA in Living Humans. Plos ONE, 7(10), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047076
Common Summary: This study focuses on the evolution and of an organism’s genetics over time. In this study, Rebekah Rogers and Montgomery Slatkin from the University of California, Berkley compared the genetic sequences between two specimens of woolly mammoths, from two different environments and population sizes to test the genome evolution theory that small isolated populations of animals will cause an accumulation of detrimental genetic mutations and defects. To identify the shifts in the mammoth’s genetics, Rebekah et al. used ancient DNA sequences to identify the differences in heterozygous and hemizygous shifts in the DNA. Here the scientist were able to observe the deletions, retrogenes, premature stop codons, and point mutations that differed between the two mammoths. Through comparing SNPs, the scientist saw that the Wrangel mammoths had 318 genes with premature stop codons and that some of those stop codons affected the gene codes for the olfactory system and the structure of the odorant binding receptors that give mammals the ability to smell. Also through the comparisons, the scientists found that the Wrangel mammoth had 27,228 deletions compared to the 21,346 deletions in the mainland mammoths. The deletions in the Wrangel DNA effected 1628 bases that coded for synapse functions, urinary protein production, pheromones; and, the deletions on the FOXQI locus in the Wrangel mammoths caused the development of translucent hairs and a satin coat. These deletions had an increase of heterozygosity in the Wrangel mammoths and showed that there were defects in the mammal’s DNA repairing mechanisms. And by using genetic ontology, the results showed that the Wrangel mammoths had 1.3x as many retrogenes as the mainland mammoths. The increase of retrogenes included genes that affected transcription, translation, cell division, DNA repair, and the chaperones of protein
The evidence for human evolution begins with the australopithecines. All the australopithecines were bipedal and therefore possible hominines. In details of their teeth, jaws, and brain size, however, they modify enough among themselves to be divided into five species: Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. Genus Homo are also divided in five different spices: Homo erectus, H. habilis, H. sapiens, and H. sapiens sapiens.