Kepler's Second Laws: The Orbit Of A Planet

Kepler’s 1st law: “The orbit of a planet is an ellipse where one focus of the ellipse is the sun.” (http://astro.unl.edu/naap/pos/pos_background1.html)

Planets travel in an oval shape called an ellipse. An ellipse has two foci, which are points within the ellipse, the distance of which are related linearly to the curve of the ellipse. In the example of the planets in our solar system, they all share one ellipse of the sun.

Kepler’s 2nd law: “A line from the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time.” (http://astro.unl.edu/naap/pos/pos_background1.html)

Take a random planet and draw a line between the sun focus and a point on the ellipse where the planet currently exists in space. After a certain amount of time, say

One of the kids just received a haircut from their parent, and the second kid is quick to tell him how terrible it looks. The first kid gets mad at the second kid and pushes him. This is the action. He takes his hands and applies force to the body of the other kid. Now, there needs to be a reaction, and it’s not just the second kid crying. The force of the first kid’s push is transferred to the second kid, and he is sent backwards, toppling to the ground. The speed and distance of the knockback is determined by how forcefully the first kid pushed him.

Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars outside our solar system. As is the case in ours, the planets exert a gravitational force upon the star, and the star in turn exerts an equal gravitational force upon the planet. Because the star is of a larger mass, the smaller mass planets orbit around it. The force these planets exert causes the star to wobble. Scientists can measure the wobble to determine the number and size of the planets orbiting around that

Our solar system started with the formation of the sun. It left behind a plane of gas and dust, named the solar nebula, in which the planets would form. This nebula was not uniform in temperature, with a section closer to the sun and section farther from the sun separated by what is called the frost line. Within the two regions different elements and materials behave differently in reaction to the different temperatures. In particular, the planets beyond the frost line have the ability to capture hydrogen and helium, the elements that make up the majority of the surface and atmosphere of the planets.

Pluto is neither a Terrestrial or Jovian planet. It exists as a ball of ice and dust in the Kuiper belt, similar to that of a comet, which is neither rock based or gas based. What disqualifies it from being a planet altogether is the third established rule of planet qualification: “[it] has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.” (https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/) Because Pluto exists in the Kuiper belt with other objects, it has failed to meet this