When comparing Italy with Austria there are not that many differences in Hofstede’s Dimensions. Both countries have similar high rates in masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and pragmatism.
Austria and Italy are considered masculine societies, which mean that both societies are highly career and success oriented and competition is an important matter. The possession of certain status symbols, which also get compared amongst colleagues or neighbors, expresses this.
The high scores in Uncertainty Avoidance index means that both societies do not feel comfortable in unknown situations or towards unknown things. Contracts or other official papers include many clauses and are written quiet formal. In business, Italians follow strict planning, which
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The pragmatism dimension describes “how people in the past as well as today relate to the fact that so much that happens around us cannot be explained”. In societies with a normative orientation, people want to explain as much as possible. Both countries are considered pragmatic cultures. In these societies people believe that truth depends basically on the context, situation and time. They have an ability to adapt traditions to change conditions. They are frugal and with propensity to save and invest. They are perseverant and focus on achieving results.
The principal differences between Austria and Italy are in Power Distance, Individualism and Indulgence scores.
Austria has a lower score on Power Distance than Italy, indicating a less hierarchical business structure with a strong participative communication style. Many things are done equally in both countries especially looking at the northern parts of Italy compared to Austria. One main mismatch still exists. This is the way of talking and expressing things. Austrians are more introverted and speak formally and strict about the business topics. Italians on the other hand, gesture a lot and put many emotions in the way of talking and the topics they address. People doing business in the other country should be aware of this
In response to the democratic backlash after World War I, in response to the Treaty of Versailles and the economic failure after the war, countries turned to a totalitarian, fascist government, regulating every facet of life of the people it ruled. Fascist Italy was no exception—over the years 1921-1943, Italy instituted a population policy, controlling it and causing it to rise. Italy’s population policy consisted of the regulation of family size, often exercising Mussolini’s bid for control in extreme manners. The reactions consisted of an economic counterpoint of family size, and disapproval of this new regime.
In the essay “Beautiful Friendship: Masculinity & Nationalism in Casablanca”, Peter Kunze lavishly explains the magnificence of Michael Curtiz’s 1942 film Casablanca. Kunze focuses on how the movie not only highlights an exchange of relationships, but how the film has an underlying meaning between these relationships. He also implies that there is a more complex meaning behind every character in regards to their gender, economic, and social roles. The overall thesis of his reading is “the patriarchal ideology underlying the narrative commodifies Ilsa, leading Rick to exchange her with other men in an act of friendship and solidarity as well as to dissuade any perception of queerness between the strong male friendships in the narrative” (Kunze
Ginsborg P (1990). ‘A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics: 1943-1980’ Published by Penguin; Reprint edition (27 Sep 1990).
Why do so many guys seem stuck between adolescence and adulthood? Guys might not completely buy into the negative parts of their atmosphere, but because it’s the group norm, they act accordingly. So if the reverse can be done, I think that can be a redeeming aspect of Guyland. In describing the young male adult culture, the author talks about there being some redeeming qualities. They’ve seen mistakes their parents have made, and they’re trying to account for that. There certainly is a negative aspect of guys not growing up in college or post-college. But there is the positive aspect: we are taking more time to think about what we want to do, and make sure that what we are doing is something we want, something we can do well. In their late
Next, we will discuss the Risorgimento, a 19th-century movement for unification of Italy that would ultimately establish the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Before this time, the Italian peninsula
Beloved by Toni Morrison and A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry tackle issues of masculinity. On pages 125 to 138 and 147 to 149, Morrison illustrations in Beloved how white power structures and the sexual fetishism of the black man’s body, which were established by American slavery, emasculates the black man. On pages 143 to 144 in A Raisin in the Sun, which takes place between World War II and the present, portrays a peculiar mindset of a black man, and his fight to define his masculinity within a matriarchal family structure, a product of American slavery. The language in Beloved and A Raisin in the Sun, underlines the products of the societal structures of slavery effect on black masculinity.
Brown, Gregory. "NATIONAL UNITY: ITALY (1848-1876)." NATIONAL UNITY: ITALY (1848-1876). University of Las Vegas, Nevada, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. .
Figure 1 The Position of the Countries on their Conservatism Index versus their Intellectual Autonomy
In Italy their gender roles are very traditional however, more strict. As it is in many countries, women do the housework while men work full-time jobs to provide for their family. Wives are spoiled by their husband, as long as they keep the house clean and educate their children. Italians are obviously dictated by Roman Catholicism. Italian men can be too controlling, as well as territorial and strict about their wives and children. Some Italian women prefer to marry a non-Italian man to avoid it.
The world is an extremely varied place, filled with odd and different views on all sorts of subjects. One of these subjects is the matter of political ideologies and how a country should be lead. One of the prime locations to view this phenomena is in Europe, because of the large number of nations and their closeness to one another. States in Europe have risen and fallen in large numbers since 1900, and their ideologies have come and gone with them. Communism, Capitalism, Fascism, and several other structures of economy and politics have shaped the face of Europe, and it is clearly visible today. For example, different light bulbs were used in the Communist and Capitalist sides of Berlin, creating a visually clear divide along the Berlin Wall. In Ukraine, today a capitalist republic, statues of Vladimir Lenin betray the country’s Soviet past. Old street names in Italy allude to the country’s fascist age with the Axis powers. European political and economic ideologies have changed very much over the past hundred years, but as of recent they are all becoming more and more alike.
Saladino, Salvatore. Italy from Unification to 1919: Growth and Decay of a Liberal Regime. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1970.
In contrast, the United States is a very heterogeneous society known for valuing freedom and individuality. It is the most ethnically diverse country in the world and is often referred to as the “melting pot” (Zimmerman, 2013). Americans try to avoid a miscommunication by being very clear and direct about what they are trying to say (Western Washington University, 2011). In typical day to day social interactions, people in the U.S. tend to...
Sex and gender are attributes to our identity. Sex describes the physical and biological factors we are born with, for example male or female genitalia, as quoted from blackadder “A boy without a winkle is a girl” (Elton and Curtis 1998). Whether we have oestrogen or testosterone hormones also tells us if we are man or woman. Gender however is in relation to stereotypes of masculinity and femininity, and expectations of what characteristics men or women should portray. Anyone given the opportunity to describe men, they would say words like dominant, non emotional, macho, aggressive, and to be the provider and protector of his family. This essay sets out to examine if masculinity is socially constructed and to do this the theories of gender, media, historical societies and even sexuality will be analysed throughout.
The Extent to Which Austria was the Main Obstacle to the Unification of Italy in the Period 1815-1849
Masculinity and femininity are two terms, which have been interpreted differently throughout history. Both the males and the females have responsibilities and duties but these duties differ based on one’s gender. Gender has played a prodigious role in the economy, politics, and the society. Everyone starts making interpretations of the strengths and weaknesses based on one’s gender. These interpretations are not always based on his or her ability but is usually based on his or her gender. Males tend to be judged as extremely strong and unfashionable in terms of appearance. Whereas, females are judged as expensive and very fashionable. Males and females both differ in their abilities and their enjoyments. Fashion, entertainment, and strength are three topics, which are used to define masculinity and femininity in the 21st century.