The theme of this study is to investigate the efficiency of hypnotherapy, with regard to smoking cessation. An evaluation will be made regarding the efficacy of single session therapy, against multiple session therapy. In view of this evaluation, a non-clinical case study will be discussed, in order to assess the benefits of tailoring therapy around the needs of the individual. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation has produced impressive results, according to numerous studies. Having said this, results are varied. Some studies claim impressive success i.e. 90.6% (Barber, 2001), 90% (Klager, 2004), and 80% (Crasilneck, 1990), whilst others report lower success i.e. 48% (Elkins and Rajab, 2004) and 25% (Ahijevych, Yerardi and Nedilsky, 2000). This variation may be due the number of methods and approaches adopted (Crasilneck, 1990; Barber, 2001; Spiegel, Frischholz, Fleiss and Spiegel, 1993). Or, perhaps it may be due to the personality of the therapist i.e. the powerful ‘chemistry’ of alliance (Kroger, 1977; Lynn and Rue, 1991; Hubble, Duncun and Miller, 1999). A number of variables exist with regard to the study of smoking cessation. However, the onus of this study is to concentrate on the constant variable, a variable common to all studies, that is, the patient.
Firstly, however, it is important to explore whether single or multiple session therapy may prove most effective. There is strong evidence to support the use of multiple session hypnosis above single session hypnosis with regard to smoking cessation (Hammond, 1990). In fact, a variety of counselling methods have proved more successful in multi session, regardless of technique (Zhu, Stretch, Balabanis, Rosbrook, Sadler and Pierce, 1996). Furthermore, meta analysis further s...
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... patient (2) family and social circle (3) the culture in which the patient lives and (4) the treatment intervention itself. It follows that (4) must be influenced by (1), (2) and (3). Therefore an appropriate treatment plan was considered in accordance with this. D expressed that he was unhappy being a smoker. Furthermore, he expressed worries concerning his skin, his smell and the isolation and social stigma that surrounds his smoking habit. D is from a family of smokers and his father provided his first cigarette, when he was 12yrs. Social learning plays an obvious role in shaping self-perception and behaviour (T. Barber, 1969, 2000; Spanos, 1991) with early experience having considerable influence (Klein, 2008), which may be one reason for D’s initial inability to succeed in cessation. Furthermore, it may be a secondary gain of D’s to ‘fit in’ with his family.
Hypnosis Hypnosis is like guided daydreaming, a form of relaxed concentration. What is relaxed is first, the body and second, the conscious part of the mind. Hypnosis can be helpful at any age. Getting a good night's sleep, or conquering a phobia, are just two of the benefits you can bring to yourself with hypnosis, whereas other benefits include controlling pain, dealing with disease, positive idea about illness or serous diseases, reduction of medications, getting a good night’s sleep, overcoming guilt, resisting disturbing memories, improving relationships with family members and those around you are some of the benefits and positive uses of Hypnosis. Hypnosis has also been defined as a form of conditioning. A person learns, through direct experience or the media, how to behave 'hypnotized.' Another way to see hypnosis as something learned is to assert that a person becomes conditioned to a word stimulus such as "Relax." Once having allowed himself to relax, the client is thereafter conditioned to repeat the experience of relaxing upon hearing the stimulus-word. Yet another definition of hypnosis, one that has wide support among researchers, is that it is a form of dissociation. That is, that in some as yet unexplained way, the mental functioning of a person is compartmentalized and one part can be isolated from the others. The art and science of hypnosis is at once both old and new. Old, because it was used in ancient times and has a pedigree that stretches back to the beginning of mankind’s conscious development. New, because only over the past 100 years has it been subject to the full force of scientific scrutiny, after the discovery (re-discovery) that the unconscious mind, emotions and personal history directly affect ...
The health consequences of smoking have become evident since early 1960s and numerous techniques to help smokers to become nonsmokers have started to develop. "The Behavioral Aspects of Smoking", a report of the Surgeon General first published in 1979 talks in detail about methods aided to assist smokers in the process of cessation. Sometimes it is very hard to decide which intervention strategy is the best and most useful because they vary from gimmicks to formal programs and clinics.
Kirsch, Irving, Antonio Capafons, Etzel Cardeña-Buelna, Salvador Amigó. Clinical Hypnosis and Self-Regulation. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1999.
Cochrane, G. "Hypnosis and Weight Reduction: Which is the Cart and Which is the Horse?" American Journal of Clinical
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and worldwide (Centers for Disease Control, 2013, World Health Organization, 2008). Tobacco cessation counseling is a vital component of any public health strategy seeking to decrease mortality, disease and costs associated with smoking. To that end, the Healthy People 2020 Tobacco Use Objectives cover three main areas: reducing tobacco use, instituting health system changes, and creating social and environmental changes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Objective TU-10 falls under the category of health system changes as it seeks to open doors for patients to make quit attempts and to pursue tobacco cessation methods by increasing tobacco cessation counseling by physicians and other health care providers.
Since the introduction of electronic cigarettes to the U.S. market in 2007, the use and the regulations governing the product has been a topic of debate. Because the electronic cigarette does not contain tobacco, it is currently not regulated by the FDA. The device essentially allows the consumers to inhale nicotine, in the form of vapor, and satisfy the sensations associated with the habit of smoking without taking in tobacco. Although the market for electronic cigarettes is steadily growing, much opposition still exists against the product because the possible side effects and adverse symptoms are not completely known. Also, because of increasing media portrayal of electronic cigarettes as trendy and because of the lack of regulation governing these devices, many people are concerned that electronic cigarettes will have a greater appeal towards young children, leading to nicotine addiction. In addition, although it was suggested that electronic cigarettes could be used as a treatment method for smoking cessation, the devices were initially thought to merely switch the addiction from cigarettes to the electronic versions – whose potential dangers have not yet been dismissed. However, recent studies that have been done on electronic cigarettes have suggested that the devices have a promising capability capacity to be used as a treatment method for smoking cessation. Randomized controlled experiments have been conducted to show that use of electronic cigarettes does, in fact, increase smoking reduction and abstinence. Comparing the effects of this device with those of other products already in use in nicotine replacement therapy has further supported the electronic cigarettes’ potential successfulness in treatment for smoking cessa...
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
Cigarette addiction is responsible for over four million deaths every year. The question most people ask is why don’t people just put down their cigarettes? Well, the answer to that often asked question is nicotine. Nicotine is a neurotransmitter that targets certain receptors in the brain. It is a chemical messenger that induces feelings of pleasure. When someone takes a hit off of a cigarette, they ingest the harmful chemicals that can cause cancer and other serious health threats. They only inhale these chemicals to get one thing and one thing only, nicotine.
Smokers understand how hard it is to quit. They admire those who were able to quit. We understand the risk of smoking and the obvious side effects that could result in death. Although all the studies show the death effect of smoking, many of us are still unable to quit. In the essay, Phillip brought his girlfriend to a social gathering, where she pulled out a cigarette and started smoking.
The author’s purpose in this essay is to show how smoking can be beneficial in some ways. Brimelow presents his credibility with studies from the International Journal of Epidemiology, New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Medical Association (Brimelow 142). He notes that smoking can both calm and stimulate people. Smoking has been shown to calm people while driving if they take long puffs. Smoking has also been shown to stimulate if taken in quick, short puffs. Brimelow reiterates this by telling us that “Current understanding is that nicotine is ‘amphoteric’ –that is, it can act to counter both conditions, depending on how it is consumed” (142). This is a reason how smoking can be beneficial.
According to Slater (2006), many risk-taking teenagers may believe in the use of smoking or alcohol is part of defining who they are. The adolescences who have a reputation of being “cool” or rebellious teenagers believe that they need to smoke to maintain their reputation. Smoking is not considered a health hazard in all cultures. For instance, a young child whose parents are involved in health and wellness will be taught how undesirable smoking is. On the other hand, the family, where the parents smoke, a young child may not be taught about the dangers smoking. Smoking can be a part of certain cultures and at the same time be an example of what not to do in another culture.
Danielle wakes up in the morning and doesn’t want to get out of bed. She is wide awake but didn’t get much sleep; and has no motivation to start her day. Reluctantly she gets up, showers, and gets ready for work. She skips breakfast as she has no appetite and heads into work. On the way to her job she has trouble concentrating on her driving; instead she contemplates how useless she feels at work and how helpless she is to change the situation. Once at work she can’t remember what meetings she needed to attend, and forgets about an important appointment with the general manager. To most, this sounds like a bad day. But to her this is just the norm of her everyday life. Danielle is displaying many of the symptoms associated with clinical depression. She is diagnosed with the mental illness and prescribed pharmaceuticals, but when she does remember to take her medicine it seems to cause more problems than it fixes with the multitude of side effects. She wants a different solution or approach to manage her problem. Here is where hypnosis may come into play as a viable option.
In order to develop a fixed negative reinforcement schedule, I divided my cigarettes into groups allowing myself only three cigarettes a day. I placed my daily ration of cigarettes into envelopes and labeled them for each day of the week. I smoked one cigarette after lunch, one after dinner, and one later at night. I would reward myself with a cigarette after attending classes and eating lunch. I would then reward myself with another cigarette after homework and dinner. Through the course of my week, I violated my regimen only twice. On Wednesday and Friday, I “bummed’ a cigarette from one of my friends. After feeling guilty about violating my regimen, I repented for hours, and swore to myself that I was going to beat my addiction. Primary negative reinforcers also helped me stick with the plan such as improved stamina during physical exercise and more money in my pocket.
Smoking is not only bad for health it is also as bad for the people