Hypertension, a complex multifactorial and polygenic disorder, is a major silent disease affecting young people because of their hereditary and modern lifestyles and it is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. 1 A positive parental history represents a major risk factor for future hypertension in normotensive offspring.2 Several studies have been conducted in the offspring of hypertensive to find the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Cultural, social, physical environments and high dietary intake of salt could further increase the tendency to become hypertensive.3 The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of essential arterial hypertension. Many offspring of hypertensive parents show early changes in their autonomic functions.4 Autonomic abnormality in the form of increased sympathetic tone and early attenuated parasympathetic activity has been demonstrated in young normotensive with parental history of hypertension.5 Another risk factor, obesity is a rapidly growing threat to the healthy population and it is on rise in our society due to socioeconomic developments leading to sedentary life style and faulty dietary habits.6 Weight gain in adolescence and in young adults is one of the potential risk factors for the subsequent development of hypertension. A study on Indian obese young adults demonstrates an autonomic dysregulation in obese subjects.7 A short term Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices offers a noninvasive, quantitative method of investigating autonomic effects on the heart.8
Although it is obvious that parental history has an overall impact on the hypertension risk profile of the offspring, not much work has been do...
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...ics, a manual computation of successive RR intervals is resorted to. This series of RR intervals is subjected to both time domain and frequency domain analyses.
In time domain analysis, SDNN, (standard deviation of all normal sinus RR ) an index of overall Heart Rate Variability, RMSSD (root-mean-square of the successive normal sinus RR interval) and percentage of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals exceeding 50 milliseconds (pNN50%) are studied. RMSSD and pNN50 shows greater correlation with parasympathetic nervous activity. In frequency domain analysis, spectral estimates of RR intervals is done by integrating the power as Total Power ( TP) from 0.04 to 0.40 Hz, Low frequency power(LF) from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz, HF (high frequency) power from 0.15 to 0.40 Hz .Power contained in VLF band is not calculated because of its dubious physiologic significance.
As early as the 1800s clinicians began to take a closer look at elevated blood pressure levels, they soon found high correlation between hypertension, stroke, and other heart diseases. They also established that high levels of blood pressure effected both privilege and underprivileged, and within the years they have noted the disease have become more prevalent in the African American culture. Long term studies, such as randomized controlled trial studies, unveiled
In this article, it tells how an EKG scan is on grid paper and each small block, which is one millimeter (mm) long, represents 0.04 seconds and each larger box, which is five millimeters long, represents 0.2 seconds. On a EKG scan, the voltage of the heart is measured in millivolts (mV) along the y-axis. On the scan grid, ten millimeters is equal to one millivolt. According to this source, in order to calculate the beats per minute (BPM), one divides the number of number of large boxes between each heart beat (QRS wave) in 300 small boxes. However, that used for a more consistent and steady heart rate. For a more varied and irregular rhythm, one has to count the number of QRS waves in six seconds and then multiply that number by ten. For an example, if there are eight QRS waves, then the estimated heart rate would be 80
Most individual would think that the cause of diabetes, heart disease, or other chronic disease is because of their own unhealthy lifestyle decisions. For instance, most people would think because of smoking, stress, and not enough exercise can have a higher chance of attending those disease. However, Barker have a different point of view. As D.J.P Barker state in his article titled, Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease Hypothesis that adaptations that fetus make when is under-nourished rather than adaptations made in adult life and those made during early development tends to have permanent effect on body's structure and function (Barker, 2001). He hypothesize that low birth weight is a factor contributing to development of coronary heart disease in adulthood but he neglected there are sociological factors during adult life can also trigger the development of coronary heart disease as well. Even though the Fetal Origins Hypothesis used an biological explanation to the development of coronary heart disease but it fails to recognize the sociological factors to coronary heart disease. One's position on the socioeconomic gradient has a contribution to the risk of coronary heart disease.
The study of cardio physiology was broken up into five distinct parts all centering on the cardiovascular system. The first lab was utilization of the electrocardiogram (ECG). This studied the electrical activities of the heart by placing electrodes on different parts of the skin. This results in a graph on calibrated paper of these activities. These graphs are useful in the diagnosis of heart disease and heart abnormalities. Alongside natural heart abnormalities are those induced by chemical substances. The electrocardiogram is useful in showing how these chemicals adjust the electrical impulses that it induces.
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
Atherosclerosis is the culprit behind coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, which is the most common cause of death worldwide and in the United States10. Among the modifiable risk factors of CHD and stroke is the serum low density lipoprotein level (LDL)8, 11. Several randomized clinical trials have established that reducing the serum LDL level results in a reduction in the future risk of CHD and stroke in a linear relationship, in one study it was estimated that reducing the LDL by 1 % would reduce the risk by 1.7 %.1-4, 7, 9, 13
The hereditary risk factors for cardiovascular disease are primarily those of which individuals are unable to control, the ones for which they are born with. These risk factors would include an individual’s sex, race, age, and genetics. One out of every five males has some form of cardiovascular disease and the same applies for females. More women than men have cardiovascular disease in this country, but this is only due to the fact that there are more women within the U.S. population (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Men percentage wise are at a higher risk than women. There is a somewhat reduced probability for females to have cardiovascular disease before menopause. This is believed by medical researchers and scientists to be directly related to the natural hor...
Your genetic information determines the genes you inherit that may cause or elevate your risk of certain medical conditions. My family genogram clearly indicates the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), heart disease (HD), hypercholesterolemia (HC) and hypertension (HTN). Heart disease is indicated on both maternal and paternal side and even though T2D only shows on my paternal side, the other diseases such as HC and HTN that are on my maternal side are risk factors for developing diabetes. According to Pessoa Marinho et al. (2013), the genetic and environmental risk factors that influence T2D development are: “age, gender, ethnicity, family history, obesity, inactivity, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, hypertension, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased triglycerides, cardiovascular diseases, micropolycystic ovary syndrome, high blood glucose on previous testing, impaired glucose tolerance and glycated hemoglobin ≥5.7%” (Pessoa Marinho et al., 2013, p. 570). Bianco et al. (2013) states, “the maternal influence confirms the hereditary role in the diabetes pathogenesis that women with positive family history to the illness presented...
Heart disease and obesity goes hand in hand. There is much more of a common occurrence for people who are overweight will more and li...
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. (social inequality, 2009). Heart disease is a structural or functional abnormality of the heart, or the blood vessel supplying the heart, that impairs its functioning. (free dictionary). Heart disease is also known as cardiovascular disease. Since there are many conditions related with heart disease. The most common types are coronary artery disease or damage in the heart’s major blood vessels, stroke or damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply, and high blood pressure or a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls in too high. These conditions may lead to a heart attack. (mayo).
Throughout history, it seems that medicine and spirituality have been linked in many circumstances. In a study looking at the use of complementary and alternative therapies in cardiac patients, spiritual healing was one of many practices patient sought to utilize. In another study, 29% of participants chose to use prayer or premeditation as a way to cope with their chronic illness. In both studies, prayer or meditation was more likely to be used by individuals who had a large social network, as well as support from another person in the same health situation. Based on these studies, it seems that many individuals (not just cardiovascular patients) turn to their spirituality in times of health distress.
The purpose of this experiment was to gather data on how the amount of time spent active impacts the speed of heart rate in beats per minute. The hypothesis stated that if the amount of time active is lengthened then the speed of the heart rate is expected to rise because when one is active, the cells of the body are using the oxygen quickly. The heart then needs to speed up in order to maintain homeostasis by rapidly providing oxygen to the working cells. The hypothesis is accepted because the data collected supports the initial prediction. There is a relationship between the amount of time spent active and the speed of heart rate: as the amount of time spent active rose, the data displayed that the speed that the heart was beating at had also increased. This relationship is visible in the data since the average resting heart rate was 79 beats per minutes, while the results show that the average heart rate after taking part in 30 seconds of activity had risen to 165 beats per minute, which is a significantly larger amount of beats per minute compared to the resting heart rate. Furthermore, the average heart rates after 10 and 20 seconds of activity were 124 and 152 beats per minute, and both of which are higher than the original average resting heartbeat of 79.
AIM: - the aim of this experiment is to find out what the effects of exercise are on the heart rate. And to record these results in various formats. VARIABLES: - * Type of exercise * Duration of exercise * Intensity of exercise * Stage of respiration
Vicki is a 42-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with Hypertension a month ago. She has been married to her high school sweetheart for the past 20 years. She is self-employed and runs a successful insurance agency. Her work requires frequent travel and Vicki often has to eat at fast food restaurants for most of her meals. A poor diet that is high in salt and fat and low in nutrients for the body and stress from her job are contributing factors of Vicki’s diagnosis of hypertension. This paper will discuss the diagnostic testing, Complementary and Alternative Medicine treatments, the prognosis for hypertension, appropriate treatment for Vicki, patient education, and potential barriers to therapy that Vicki may experience.