This essay will discuss and confirm how Stuart Hall’s perspective best describes the media. I will do this by using an article from the Guardian published by Elle Hunt and David Pegg (Hunt and Pegg 2017). The article explores how the woman in the hijab who was photographed whilst walking past the victim lying down injured on Westminster bridge and how she responded to the online abuse she received from the public. The reason why I have chosen to look at this article as an example to explain why Hall’s theory is more accurate and best describes the media is because of the different interpretations which have been perceived about the woman and how the image has been read in several ways. Stuart Hall specifies different readings of the way something …show more content…
Hall was influenced by several theorists including Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci, he further elaborated onto Gramsci’s ideas on hegemony which had a great impact on Stuart Hall’s thinking (Procter, 2004). In accordance to Gramsci “the popular culture was a key site in which hegemonic struggles take place” (Procter, 2004, p.25), Hall expanded on his idea and described the popular culture as a ‘”contradictory space” (Procter, 2004, pg.5) known to be a situate of ongoing …show more content…
He spoke about how the media portrays individuals in a certain way. In the book Representations Hall discusses how the term “Britishness must always refer with whiteness” (Hall, 1997, p.235), he mentions how whiteness cannot be associated with anything else including Jamaican, American and Pakistani. Hall also speaks about how the mass media display images illustrating racial stereotypes dated from the period of the slavery during the late nineteenth century (Hall, 1997). Hall presents the difference between black and white, he emphasises on how black people were portrayed as slaves within the media. In the Hollywood Shuffle the scene about the Black Acting School shows black people being trained to act as slaves within the media industry by majority of the white (Hall, 2011). This is an example of which Stuart Hall conveys how people were represented within the media, even today this continues to happen. This can refer to Marx’s conflict theory between the two classes in society which were the bourgeoisies who were known to own the means of production and the proletariats who were known as the working class working under the bourgeoisies (Browne, 2011). Just the way the white had power over the black during the period of
Racism as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica as “the ideology that humans are divided into separate entities called races and that some races are innately superior to others” is one of the world’s major issues and we cannot deny the fact that it still persists in the modern world. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exists in today’s society. Some people thinks of it is a way of life. Others think of it it as an offensive expression that shows closed-mindedness. Racism comes from different ethnicity, cultural morals, beliefs, and the physical appearances. Another issue that is related to racism are stereotypes involved in various racial slurs. Stereotypes are known as a generally held fixed concept or idea over a definite person, group, or thing. “A standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion and prejudiced attitude.” Stereotyping puts people in a negative image, and then racism comes into play. It agitates the people affected by these generalized concepts. Racism is so ubiquitous that it has became part of today’s culture and became invisible yet many people experience it still. It is everywhere, it can be seen in the media and in one’s own community. Since the issue of racism has been going for centuries, various films were made to bring awareness to people. It is reflected in these films and other art forms as well especially in dance. Racial stereotypes were created for certain dance styles such as ballet is for white people and that hip-hop is for black people only. Using sources from dance studies and other scholarly articles, this essay will prove that racism is strongly presented and portrayed through both white protagonists in th...
African American representation in the film industry has always been a topic for discussion. Whether talking about character types and roles, the actors being cast or not cast, and the lack of diversity in front of and behind the camera. ‘The contemporary status of race in mainstream American culture is intimately bound to the process of representation within and through the mass media.’ (Rocchio, 2000, p. 4). Any role that was to be played by an African American kept in with the dominant stereotypes of the time of production; incompetent, child like, hyper-sexualised or criminal.
Boylorn, R. M. (2008). As seen on tv: An autoethnographic reflection on race and reality television. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 25 (4), 413-433.
The article, “White” by Richard Dyer explores both sides of the black and white paradigm in mainstream films –while addressing racial inequalities. Dyer talks about the “…property of whiteness to be everything and nothing [and that this] is the source of its representational power…the way whiteness disappears behind and is subsumed into other identities…”(Dyer 825). Also, according to Dyer “…stereotypes are seldom found in a pure form and this is part of the process by which they are naturalized…”(Dyer 826). Through the application of binarism to the film, The Green Mile, this essay will critically analyze the identities of black and white people. For instance, specific examples of the films mis-en-scene will serve as evidence to show the visible binarism and racial symbolism that exist in this
In today’s society, pre-existing assumptions and stereotypes of other ethnicities and individuals play a large part in the way we see others. This social construct of stereotypes has placed restrictions on many people’s lives which ultimately limits them from achieving certain goals. In this sense, stereotypes misrepresent and restrict people of colour to gain casting within the Hollywood film industry. The issue of how casting actors to certain roles and how these actors are forced to submit and represent these false stereotypes is one worthy of discussion. White Chicks (2004), directed by Keenan Wayans, illustrates this issue through the performance of Latrell, performed by Terry Crews, and his performance of the hyper-sexualised “buck” will be a prime example in this essay to discuss the racial politics and stereotypes in Hollywood casting.
Woll, Allen L and Randall M Miller. Ethnic and Racial Images in American Film and Television: Historical Essays and Bibliography. n.d. Print.
...owledge is unavailable to an individual such as a language barrier or rare interaction with one another, television provides society with images that influence and shape their perceptions. The higher the exposure, the more people are inclined to recall what they have viewed and apply it to their everyday lives and scenarios. Bill Cosby stated in 1994 that blacks in the media tended to be “menacing, untidy, rebellious, disrespectful, buffoonish, sexual, immoral, hopeless, untrained, uneducated and noisy” (Punyanunt-Carter 243). He concluded that most black roles were negative and stereotypical. These damaging –portrayals that do not shed a positive light on African Americans often focus on reaffirming harmful racial stereotypes.
... model for how the entertainment and media industries depict black people must change. Despite the progress that blacks have worked toward since the days of slavery, society continues to give in to the monetary benefits of producing self-disparaging entertainment and media. It is not only up to the directors, editors, producers and writers to establish this change, but it should also be the demand of the people, or the consumer. If the images of black people in the media are improved the outlook within the community will improve as well. Not only will positive goals and achievements become more realistic for black people if the media outlets discontinue their practice of equating blacks with aggression, lawlessness and violence, but a greater good will also result for whites, which would be represented by a true autonomy and equality in American society.
News is often described as the ‘window of the world’, but sometimes what we see on the news isn’t necessarily the true facts of what is happening around the world. News is often very subjective, especially in television, and sometimes the best pictures are picked over the best story. As journalists, we are responsible for society and frequently news leads viewers to a narrow-minded view of the world, often showing them what we want them to see rather than what they need to see. As Harcup explains (2009, P3) ‘Journalism informs society about itself and makes public that which would otherwise be private.’
Since 1945, in what is defined by literary scholars as the Contemporary Period, it appears that the "refracted public image"(xx) whites hold of blacks continues to necessitate ...
In reference to the media’s role, they have been highlighted for playing a part in maintaining these views by portraying victims in a certain way according to the newsworthiness of each story and their selectiveness (Greer, 2007). Furthermore, there has been an increase in both fictional crime programmes and crime documentaries, with Crimewatch particularly becoming a regular part of British viewing. In the modern context, crime has continued to represent a large proportion of news reporting and with the aid of social networking sites and self-publicity via the internet, journalists are now more able to dig even deeper into the lives of people on whom they wish to report. Newspapers continue to keep the public informed with the latest headlines and the internet has also provided opportunities for members of the public to have their input in blogs.
Seitz argues that M.Ns are happy to help their masters at any time. African-Americans are serving whites to succeed in their life and these mentors willingly serve whites. Seitz states, “Magical Negro”: a saintly African-American who acts as a mentor to a white hero… [their] relationship is that of a master and servant… one that truly lives to serve, has no life to speak beyond his service” (Seitz 357). Years after the end of slavery, blacks are still considered as servants of whites in America. Even though social reforms have ended slavery and the exclusion of blacks from society, whites still consider blacks as their slaves and this has been portrayed ambiguously in many movies. In pro-white popular culture, African-American actors and actresses have not received fair treatment to perform at the highest of their abilities. In today’s modern world, there are roots of racism; popular culture and mass media production are very important key factors in promoting the racial distinction in our society. In this modern world, media and television are a part of everyday life. People have easy access to movies and TV shows; viewers of these shows tend to believe what is being shown. Films and TV shows have played a significant role in reestablishing racism and discrimination in popular culture. Many of the mass media production industries have characterized racial stereotypes. Omi reveals racial stereotypes, “[in
Ross,K.,(2001) White Media, Black audience: Diversity and Dissonance on British Television in Ross, K. & Playdon, P.(eds.) Black marks : minority ethnic audiences and media, London: Ashgate
Stuart Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms” from Media, Culture and Society, Raymond Williams and E.P Thompson summarize the way they saw culture, they refer to it as the way of life and saw mass media as the main role in capitalist society. Williams’s perspective, his ideas were referred to as culture as to social practice, he saw “culture as a whole way of life” and as to structurilism that makes the concept of the “structure of feeling“(Stuart Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms” 1980). William was influenced in the seventies by Gramsci’s but, Williams became familiar with Gramsci dominance and at the end of the 1970’s hegemony became the central concept of cultural studies. Thompson's main idea was cultural focus, but mostly on social classes and class consciousness; he was not interested in the “whole way of life” but how people, working class that were struggling in the dominant aspect of the “way of life”.
Althusser (1971) explains that, as an ideological state apparatus, media doesn’t use pressure as a way to bind society together under one dominant ideology, but instead uses the will of the people to make them accept the dominant ideology. However, media is also used as a way for people to challenge the dominant ideology. Newspapers, for example, will have articles that openly criticise and oppose the dominant ideology for what it is, whilst at the same time providing perspectives and opinions on different ideologies (such as feminism) that society can believe in. Although these alternate ideological perspectives exist, they are usually overlooked and only ever reach small audiences. Ideology can also help us understand the media because of the way in which it distributes ideology.