Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background of study Induction Motors are widely used in industrial applications. It has been reported that they have a motor market share of approximately 80 percent. Their popularity stems from robust construction, low cost and ease of maintenance. As induction motors operate at a constant speed, they provide efficient operation in industrial applications if the loads that they drive remain fairly constant. However, the loads vary when the process conditions change during the process of operation. Furthermore, to maintain the efficiency of induction motors speed control is required. Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are suitable for this purpose. 1.2 Optimize Power Usage Centrifugal loads offer the greatest potential for energy savings by using variable frequency drives (VFDs) to control speed. Energy consumption in a centrifugal fan and pump applications follow the affinity laws. Affinity laws determined that the flow is proportional to speed, pressure is proportional to the square of speed, and horsepower is proportional to the cube of speed. That means if an application only needs 80 percent flow, the fan or pump will run at 80 percent of rated speed and only requires 50 percent of rated power. In other words, reducing speed by 20 percent requires only 50 percent of the power. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Variable frequency drive (VFD) Operation A VFD is a device that controls the voltage and frequency that is being supplied to a motor. Therefore it controls the speed of the motor and the system is diving. It is also capable of adjusting both the speed and the torque of an induction motor. Consequently it provides continuous range process speed control as compared to discrete of stepwise co... ... middle of paper ... ...tled VFD 0 ft Static head 60 ft Static head 140 ft Static head 210 ft Static head 170 50 % 19.70 KW 3.20 KW 6.35 KW 10.44 KW 14.08 KW 204 60 % 20.95 KW 5.46 KW 8.70 KW 12.70 KW 16.02 KW 258 70 % 22.21 KW 8.68 KW 11.75 KW 15.42 KW 18.32 KW 272 80 % 23.47 KW 13.06 KW 15.58 KW 18.61 KW 20.90 KW 306 90 % 24.73 KW 18.83 KW 20.31 KW 22.31 KW 23.77 KW 340 100 % 25.99 KW 26.19 KW 26.02 KW 26.52 KW 26.89 KW Table 3: The results show that a pump operating 30 % below the free system flow rate consumes 61 % less power (13.53 KW) than by throttling it to the the same floe rate. If the pump operates at this level 25 % of the time in a 24- hour shift for 250 days per year when power cost is 6 cents per KWh, the saving would be $ 1,217 per year. If the pump also had to overcome 60 ft of static head (47 % of the total head), the saving would be $ 941 per year.
MagLev technology is entirely different from any form of transportation in operation today, but the basic principles that lie at the foundation are not beyond the understanding of the beginning electricity and magnetism student. It is in the application of these principles to design and optimize an actual train that things get hairy. The basic idea has been researched since the mid-sixties, but it is only now that economically feasible prototypes are being built and governments are seriously looking towards magnets to propel us into the next century. Leading the race is Germany. Their design, the Transrapid 07, is ready for commercial production. It utilizes conventional electromagnets and forces of attraction to levitate the train. A good web site to find out more about German plans for their design is http://transrapid.simplenet.com/index-e.htm
The first type of forced induction system is the turbocharger. A turbocharger is essentially the same as a supercharger, except where they get their power from. A turbocharger is powered by exhaust gasses that have been produced by the engine and are forcing their way through the turbofold, or the exhaust manifold that the turbo is housed in. The exhaust gas pushes its way through the turbocharger and hit the turbine wheel. Vehicles that usually find the need for a turbocharger from the factory are four or six cylinder engines. Standard in most European vehicles such as Mercedes, Audi, Volkswagen and Volvo. These cars are known for their small displacement motors, and great gas efficiency, due to this setup...
A wise man once told me “With any engine project, a solid foundation is necessary” (Jewett). Racing has been a major part of my life ever since I was little. While growing up, my uncles working on cars and racing together has impacted me. When I was little, I watched my uncles race, and it made me want to race when I got older. However, the instructions for rebuilding a twenty-three-hundred motor include the type, bottom end and the head.
Anybody and everybody can become an industrial machinery mechanic; especially, those who are passionate about getting their hands plastered in motor oil, grease, and other mechanical lubricants. These people will more than likely be ecstatic about getting into industrial machinery mechanics. They need to be able to put in one hundred ten percent of their effort into becoming an industrial machinery mechanic. An industrial machinery mechanic’s overall objective on the job is to stop a mechanical error before it happens. An industrial machinery mechanics are often caught repairing, maintaining, and fabricating machinery.
The future American commuter will undoubtedly have to transition from the use of fossil fuels to new alternatives due to the diminishing availability of the nation’s oil resources. How will America respond to this upcoming issue? It is difficult to predict which alternative fuel source America will ultimately choose, but with the premier of Nissan’s electric powered Leaf and other companies; such as Tesla Motors and Chevy, with their electric cars ready for market, the electric car may be winning the race to become the new standard for the gasoline alternative. Electric cars resolve long standing environmental issues, but it will need to maneuver around many roadblocks to become a marketable consideration for the general public. The cost of electric cars, currently on the market, makes them an impractical purchase for the average consumer. If cost is not the growing concern in today’s economy which prevents the consumer from considering this option; they may deny the technological advance due to battery storage capabilities and the inadequate infrastructure in place to refuel and provide for them.
As humans delve into the twenty-first century, scientific research continues at an exponentially increasing rate. While the work of researchers seems to affect people in positive ways, the common debate among the general population is whether or not there is a limit to how far scientists can take their research and impact the future of society. The changes that scientists induce upon society often escape foresight, such as diseases, dangerous paints, and other products that do not pass the test of time. One big issue that is fiercely debated is how to go about switching to alternative-fuel-source automobiles, given that the world’s supply of oil will run dry relatively soon. The electric car seems to be the best candidate as a replacement for the moment, but many people are still weary about completely discarding the trusty internal combustion engine for an invention barely as old as the people who will buy them. The electric fuel is promising, but it has not been around long enough to undergo the test of time needed for mass acceptance. Here the more direct question arises: is the electric car the solution to a more economically responsible car?
This involves relating the current supplied to the motor, motor shaft rotational speed, motor efficiency, and the power factor as a function of the load of the motor, similar to the figure on page 21 of the Lab Manual.
The force that that turns the armature comes from the magnetic field of the armature trying to line up with the external magnetic field of the stator. This force is called torque. This torque will cause the armature to turn until its magnetic field is aligned with the external field, but no further. How does the armature continue to spin? One of the magnetic fields must be changed so that the armature has to turn again. The armature will spin so long as there is always a torque acting on it. How this is accomplished is what sets each type of electric motor apart.
Energy efficient motors use more copper and iron than regular motors. They also consume less energy than regular motors.
The annual report of the company shows status of the company’s business. Through the annual report of the company, creditors, investors, and everyone else can see the financial health of the business for the company. Fords and General Motors are two competitors in auto mobile industry area, and these two companies are most famous automobile companies that United States manufacturing businesses. Since these two companies are in same industry area, the investors compare these two companies which company is more worthy to invest their money. Annual report is financial certification that how a company was financially. Liquidity, solvency, and profitability are three way to compare these two companies financially.
This hopefully adds some insight into the use of electric motors, and the principals of them that make these motors work. Such as electromagnetism, binary switches for DC motors, and the selection of a running frequency of a motor through the use of an oscillator.
VVVF drives used to control the speed of LIM, many industrial automation worldwide such as Trains drives, Automatic Screen Door, Moving Walkway, Lift and Escalator, etc., varying the speed of the drive may save energy compared with other techniques for flow control.
Engine is very important for every machine and every Engineer. Engine is very complicated machine. People need to use some energy. Actually people need to convert energy in engine for motion. We usually use fuel for energy. Engine is burn fuel and ıt creates heat and motion. It creates heat because ıt creates friction so friction always obstructs motion in engine. In the word, many kinds of engine are produced by people. Some of these are reciprocating-engine are electric motor. Generally, we use reciprocating-engine. For example: Cars, trains, aircraft. We have two kind of reciprocating-engine. First is internal combustion engines, second is external combustion engines. I will explain this engine types in other page. If you want to go anywhere quickly, we use any of these vehicles because time is very important for people. Formerly, people don’t have engine so firstly, I explain the story of engine
The issue of electric car has been arising nowadays. But many of us never really find a true
Electrical motors play an important role in today’s society, from powering domestic appliances like blenders to industrial equipment such as trains. It almost seems impossible to not use an electric motor in our daily lives. In the comfort of our home, electric motors will operate fans, refrigerators, and air conditioners to just name a few. Researchers are constantly looking for new ways to incorporate electrical motors in our lives.