HPV Research Summary

A considerable search in literature was done on human papilloma virus (HPV) related diseases, HPV vaccine and to assess how health care providers can increase understanding and improve vaccination rates among adolescent and adults in primary care. The review was done using the following databases: Ebscohost Web, Medline, and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). The search phrases used were HPV vaccine, education, HPV immunization, adolescents, adult, primary care, health promotion/prevention, risk factors, compliance, and barriers. The inclusion criteria was composed of journals that were written in English, peer reviewed, full-text, associated with improving HPV vaccine rates, and published between 2010-

The two strains linked to genital warts are HPV 6 and 1, which are considered low risk HPV types. There is inconclusive evidence on whether condoms help prevent the transmission of the low risk HPV viruses, but some data indicates condoms provide more protection in males than females. Although genital warts are not harmful, they have been known to cause anxiety and depression among individuals affected. This can impact their relationships and quality of life. As well there is a variety of treatments for genital warts and many have high failure rates. Repeating many of these treatments can often be painful and expensive to the

Although no advantage has been seen in individuals who received the vaccine after already being infected, a randomized control trial done by Szarewski etal. (2014) demonstrated that in women who showed previous exposure to HPV, the vaccine was still effective against the other strains.

Males in a placebo-controlled study (n=2,805) were analyzed to investigate the prevalence and clearance of HPV. There were 1397 who received the quadrivalent vaccine and 1408 who received a placebo. The study found that within one month after the third dose was administered 97.4% of those vaccinated showed a seroconversion of HPV strains 6, 11, 16 and 18. The results of this trial also showed that prophylactic vaccination among males with quadrivalent vaccine reduced the incidence of condylomata acuminata.

In trials, the HPV9 vaccine has shown to be superior to the HPV4 vaccine in preventing invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Rethmuiller etal. (2015) found that the HPV9 vaccine could prevent 90% of ICC, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and anal cancers. In a phase III efficacy trial showed that HPV9 was 96.7% effective preventing > CIN2, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3, and vaginal intraepithelial