The methodological life cycle of H. pylori is reliant upon three distinguishing principles. The development of H. pylori is governed by an attachment phase, followed by toxin production, and lastly, cell invasion.
Subsequent the intake of H. pylori, it is believed that the bacterium settles within the human gastric epithelial mucus tissue. Immediately, the urease enzyme within H. pylori is believed to allow for the production of ammonia and bicarbonate from urea within the gastric fluid. The excretion of this enzyme neutralizes and therefore permits the bacterium to withstand the harsh acidic nature of the stomach (11).
The outcome of H. pylori infection produces chronic infection, resembling a condition that persists throughout one’s life (21). And the expression of vaculating cytotoxin A (VAC A) contributes to the chronic nature of H. pylori, causing deterioration, leading to the termination of cells within the lining of the stomach and thereby establishing the toxin production phase of H. pylori. In the end, the production of this toxin decreases the cellular competition exhibited within the stomach lining, endowing the bacteria with greater access to the nutrients within the stomach (21).
Ultimately, cell invasion occurs as H. pylori occupies the inner lining of the stomach, seeking protection from the immune system (11). The result of this corrosion of the cells produces an aperture, or, a hole in the mucosal lining of the stomach which leads to ulcer formation.
Chambers 7
Pathogenicity
Following acclimation—that is, the adhesion of H. pylori to the lining of the mammalian stomach, H. pylori executes a series of attachment and proliferative instruments permitting colonization and by pathogenesis within the gastric mucosa...
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...ri, causing inflammation and in some cases leading to peptic ulcer disease, organizations like the Healthy stomach initiative have been created to counteract this ailment. It’s well recognized that a great deal of the worlds citizens suffer from gastric disorder, in some cases exceeding 70% given the extent of the nations development. The Healthy stomach initiative, created by Peter Malfertheiner, Francesco Di Mario, Francis Megraud and Richard Hunt who have been joined by the European Helicobacter Study Group, the World Gastroenterology Organization and the European Association of Gastroenterology have recognized the role that access to information plays in combating H. pylori. Aside from classical drug treatments, these organizations aim to encourage life style adjustments that result in healthy nutritional understanding and the improvement in hygienic practice.
In the article, “An Endangered Species in the Stomach” by Martin J. Blaser, he talks about a 60,000 year old bacterium living in the human stomach, named “Helicobacter pylori”. H. pylori was first isolated for investigation in 1982 by Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren. Later researchers discovered that H. pylori was responsible for developing peptic ulcers, breaks in the lining of the stomach, or could also cause stomach cancer. For the past 100 years, there has been decrease in H. pylori bacteria in humans due to the widespread use of antibiotics and improved hygiene. At the same time, the disappearance of H. pylori caused an unexpected rise in the acid reflux disease and a deadly type of esophageal cancer. Making H pylori a vital microorganism to research in order to expand the study of microbiology and its interaction with humans.
The helicobacter pylori bacterium also commonly known as H. pylori is a spiral shaped bacterium that is often found growing in the digestive tract. H. pylori bacteria are found in more than half of the world’s population. The bacteria normally attack the lining of the stomach and the small intestines. Although they are present in many people the H. pylori bacteria is usually harmless. The bacteria are adapted to live and survive in the acidic environment of the digestive tract. Furthermore, H. pylori reduces the acidity of the environment around it to survive and will penetrate the lining of the stomach and small intestines where the mucus lining protects it from the body’s immune cells. H. pylori sometimes can interfere with the body’s immune response to ensure their survival and this causes stomach problems (Flemin & Alcamo, 2007).
The stomach naturally produces acid, which is mainly responsible for food digestion and the destruction of any foreign pathogen or bacteria ingested with food. Acid is secreted by stimulating the partial
bottom edges are not tightly shut, and acid moves form the stomach up into the
E. coli are bacteria that can cause an infection in various parts of your body, including your intestines. E. coli bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. Most types of E. coli do not cause infections, but some produce a poison (toxin) that can cause diarrhea. Depending on the toxin, this can cause mild or severe diarrhea.
The main objectives of the pathogen are to gain entry inside the host, once inside grow and reproduce, and avoid host defenses. There are three possible routes of infection: respiratory, alimentary, and traumatic. The respiratory route is the easiest and most direct means of entry. Under crowded conditions, the rate of infection is even more rapid. The diseases brought over to America were mainly spread by the respiratory method. The alimentary pathway of infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Throughout Europe during the 15th century, food and water were contaminated with fecal matter and by unsanitary habits ( i.e. the lack of bathing). The traumatic route of infection is through insect and animal bites.
With the earliest recordings coming from the Fifth Century B.C., streptococcus pyogenes, and more frequently, its symptoms have been prevalent among doctors and historians for hundreds of years. The first mentioning of streptococcus pyogenes is to be credited to Hippocrates, in which he describes the relative symptoms of the flesh-eating bacteria in its early stages. Then depicted by Billroth in 1874, patients carrying erysipelas were determined to have this certain bacterial infection. In 1883, the chain-forming bacteria were isolated by Fehleisen; and in the following year, Rosenbach applied the S. pyogenes name. Further advances in hemolytic and non-hemolytic studies were made by Lancefield in the 1930’s, in which the alpha, beta, and gamma subgroups of the hemolytic structures – detailed and defined by Schottmueller and Brown - were divided into serotypes.
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
...ve eaten, to break down the food into a liquid mixture and to slowly empty that liquid mixture into the small intestine. Once the bolus has entered your stomach it begins to be broken down with the help of the strong muscles and gastric juices which are located in the walls of your stomach. The gastric juices are made up of hydrochloric acid, water, and mucus- and the main enzyme inside of your stomach is what is known as pepsin, which needs to be surrounded in an acidic setting in order to do its job, that is to break down protein. Once the bolus has been inside of your stomach for long enough it begins to form into a liquid called chyme, and what keeps the chyme from flowing back into our esophagus are ring shaped muscles known as sphincters located at the beginnings and ends of the stomach and they have the task of controlling the flow of solids and liquids.
Streptococcus pyogenes is thought to live benignly within one in five people, and is thusly one of the most common pathogens among humans. Due to its common
Secretory Diarrhea (Cholera) Abstract: Cholera is an acute, bacterial infection of the small intestine caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. The Vibrio cholerae bacterium, after attacking the human intestine, is responsible for devastating diarrhea resulting in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The key cause of this is the ADP ribosylation of the human signaling protein Gsα, catalyzed by the cholera toxin, which produces a biochemical cascade.
Although much is unknown on the causes of R.A. there are many things we see in correlation with the onset of disease. These include Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. The mycoplasma bacteria, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus and rubella (German measles) virus have all been considered as possible causative factors but conclusive evidence is still lacking (Zeliadt, 2010). Many times there have only been considerations for infectious bacteria causing this disease but now that idea is being questioned. A study involving mice in bacteria free cages showed that the friendly gut dwelling segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) can cause onset of R.A. in greater numbers than those without. The mice that did no...
Field EA, Allan RB. Review article: oral ulceration--aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:949–62. [PubMed]
...removing absorbed nutrients. Last but not least, is the hormone enterocrinin. Enterocrinin is also released when chyme enters the duodenum, however, it helps with mucin production. Mucin comes in various forms and one of those forms is saliva.