1. GOUT
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. It is a metabolic disease characterized by recurrent episodes of acute arthritis triggered by crystallization of uric acid which forms insoluble deposits of monosodium urate within joints and cartilage. Gout is often associated with high serum levels of uric acid which is a partially soluble substance that is the major end product of purine metabolism. Unlike other mammals, human lack uricase enzyme which catalyzes oxidative metabolism of uric acid to produce a more soluble compound allantoin. Excess uric acid levels can be due to urate under excretion, over production, and uricase enzyme defect. Adiposity and dietary habits also contribute to serum uric acid levels hence the risk for gout. Risk factors for development of gout include: hyperuricemia, genetic factors, dietary factors, and renal disease amongst many.
Overview of pathogenesis of gout
(Keith Taylor, 2014)
Initially, symptoms present with intense episodes of painful swelling in single joints. Approximately eighty percent of cases affecting the big toe. Gout also affects knees, heels, elbows, insteps, fingers, and wrists. The affected area is sore, swollen, red, warm and stiff. As the attack subsides, the superficial skin may peel. The arthritis may become chronic and cause joint deformity. Gout attacks eventually resolve even without specific treatment. Traditionally, treatment of gout is divided into two types. That is, treatment of an acute attack using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, colchicine, and corticosteroids and prevention of future attacks using xanthine oxidase inhibitors uricosuric agents. An acute attack can persist with inappropriate treatment, for instance use of a hypouric...
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...se of cardiovascular disease.
• Cancers
Dietary factors can also contribute significantly to certain cancers. Maintaining a healthy diet and thus a healthy weight will reduce the risk of cancers of the oesophagus, colon, breast, endometrium and kidney. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancers of the throat, mouth and liver. Ensuring an adequate intake of fruit and vegetables reduces this risk.
• Osteoporosis and bone fractures
Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D in populations with osteoporosis, increases the risk of fractures.
• Dental diseases
Consumption of excessive amounts of sugars and dietary acids such as those found in beverages or in other acidic foods may contribute destruction or erosion.
The amount of food consumed relative to physical activity and the quality of food are very important determinants of nutrition related chronic diseases.
Papas, E., & Cluxton, R. J. (2011). Vitamin D: beneficial for pain, fracture, and falls in long-term care residents?. Annals of long term care, 19(5), 33-36.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017). This disease affects the entire body, which is called a systemic (means entire body) disease. Arthritis is derived from the word part arthr-, which means “joint,” and -itis, which means “inflammation,” so altogether it means “inflammation of the joints.” It creates inflammation that causes the tissue that lines the inside of joints (synovium) to thicken. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. are affected. It affects all races, but it affects three times as many women than men (What is Rheumatoid Arthritis, n.d.). Overtime, rheumatoid arthritis causes painful swelling that can potentially result in bone erosion or joint deformity, which leads up to physical disabilities. RA can affect more than just your joints, but can spread to body systems, skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood vessels, e.t.c (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017).
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting more than 27 million Americans (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). It is caused when the cartilage in the joints breaks down, causing the bones of the joint to rub against one another. This causes pain, stiffness, and loss of motion in the joint. Osteoarthritis is most prevalent in those 65 and older, but can affect those of any age. In addition, African Americans and Hispanics report a higher incidence of arthritis than Caucasians (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). Although the cause is unknown, it is believed that the increasing age of the population, prevalence of obesity and injuries add to the progression of the condition. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body; however, those of the hand, hip, and knee are often the most common. This condition may be asymptomatic, or may present symptoms including soreness, stiffness and pain. The symptoms are more common in the older population, those with limited activity levels, and those who are obese. Joint cartilage thins over time, causing an increased risk for symptoms in the elderly, and obesity puts extra pressure on the joints during activity. Osteoarthritis is commonly diagnosed with the use of a physical assessment along with results of radiology testing such as X-Ray and MRI.
Now, when considering one wants to prevent or treat Osteoporosis, it does not mean to cut yourself off of foods with small portions or extreme dieting. It is a common misconception that when a person wants to be healthy they must eat in smaller portions, and while this does have some truth, one must consider when it comes to eating healthy, it means to eat healthy by adding nutritious portions of fruits, vegetables, protein, carbs, and of course, calcium intake for the bones in one’s diet. Also, one must not deprive themselves of having a “cheat day” once a week with chips and candy. But it is a good start to begin adding calcium fortified foods and supplements, such as milk. People should at least aim for 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams a day of calcium. Low-fat cheese, milk, yogurt, orange juice, graham crackers, and calcium supplements are a beneficial contribution in accessing calcium to the body (Vander, 2003). Of course, Osteoporosis develops during old age, due to the gradual decline in exercising, calcium in bones, and weight loss. However, Osteoporosis is also genetically found in some people with a long history of family members who have had bone fractures. Also, many factors affect and can cause Osteoporosis and one of them is smoking. Because smokers have poor lungs, it can be difficult to exercise. Another is not going out too much,
Osteoporosis is associated with repeated fractures, tender bones, neck and back pain, a decrease in height as well as poor posture. There is a variety of factors that contribute to the development of osteoporosis. These include a calcium deficiency, possibly due to a poor diet, aging and old age, the loss of estrogen that comes with the onset of menopause in women, as well as genetics. There are several other diseases that contribute to osteoporosis such as Cushing’s Disease and rheumatoid arthritis. There are 40 million Americans who struggle with this disease, men as well as women although women are more likely to develop it due to the loss of estrogen during and post-menopause. The estrogen loss is a major factor in bone formation. Other factors include family members who have had the disease, smoking, and being on certain medications such as prednisone.
It is still unknown what the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis is but there are some theories that have not been proven. The oldest theory states that viruses and bacteria are the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Now with all the research being done, scientists believe that Rheumatoid Arthritis is hereditary. Specific genes have been found to make people more likely to get Rheumatoid Arthritis. Some scientists also think that some environmental factors and infections might cause the immune system to attack. Contributing factors are smoking and being exposed to silica metal. So although the exact causes are unknown, the result is that the immune system is ready to make the joins and tissues inflamed by activating immune cells.
A result is a high frequency of secondary infections. More specific therapy, for example, allopurinol and colchicine in gout, is dependent on knowledge of the precise biochemical mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Researchers are also studying the use of drugs that act on the nervous system. Despite the wear-and-tear origin of degenerative joint disease, it, too, may respond well to so-called anti-inflammatory drugs. Perhaps they are primarily acting as analgesics (pain-killers), or they may act by decreasing the secondary inflammation that follows joint trauma. Franklin Mullinax
...tical in preventing osteoporosis and developing fractures. One of the most important ways to prevent this disease is already taking calcium and vitamin D for building and maintaining healthy bone. With these supplements and following a healthy diet plan can help you gain these and provide you with more helpful nutrients. In following your healthy meal plan, one should take into consideration the amount of alcohol they are drinking because it can damage your bones, a plan in action to quit smoking or stay away from smoking and to get into a routine of daily exercise for yourself. Exercise is one of best ways to improve your health including strengthening your bones, balance and coordination. It can prevent falls and may reduce your risk of fractures. The ability to get some sort of exercise during your daily activities can lessen your chances of getting osteoporosis.
Other metabolic bone diseases are osteoporosis, gout, OSTEOARTHRITIS, and PAGET'S DISEASE. Nutritional Disorders Nutritional deficiencies that result in bone damage include RICKETS in children and osteomalacia in adults, caused by a lack of vitamin D. In children, calcium and phosphate are poorly distributed on bones during development, resulting especially in deformity of the legs and arms. In adults, bones of the spine, pelvis, and legs become demineralized and the bones weaken.
There are many identifiable risk factors that are both modifiable, and non-modifiable. The gender of the patient is a major risk factor, as women are more likely to develop osteoporosis. Of the almost 50 million Americans diagnosed with osteoporosis, 80% are women. Females at any age have less bone density than males, but in the mid-30's women experience bone loss at a rate of 1% each year (Berarducci, 2008). Walker (2010) adds to the previous statistics, citing around one out of three women over the age of fifty will have a fracture related to osteoporosis, compared to one in 12 men.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the bodys tissue is mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. The immunes system is primarly organized to look for infections and destroy them, patients with rheumatoid arthritis have antibodies in their blood which target their own tissue which leads to inflammation. RA is basically a chronic syndrome that is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints, but it may also involve the lungs, the heart, the blood vessels and eyes.
Several risk factors can be linked with the incidence of colorectal cancer. Age and hereditary factors are the most important factors on which an individual’s cannot able to manage. The probability of being affected by colorectal cancer is increases after the age of 40. More than 90% of colorectal cancer cases reported among people in the age greater than 50 and older (Fairley TL , 2006). In addition, a large number of environmental and behavioral risk factors can also contribute for the development of colorectal cancer; among these dietary factors are the major one (Fatima AH, 2009).
Nutrition plays a significant role in the development of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from the loss of bone mass which can be the result of hormonal changes or a deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. Calcium is important for healthy bones and because our body does not produce calcium. We must get it from foods that we eat. The needed amount of calcium for adults over 50 years old is 1,200 mg while an age 19-50 is 1,000 mg and for children 9-18 is 1,300 mg. Popular sources of calcium are milk, yogurt and cheese. Other sources of calcium can be found in leafy green vegetables such as lettuces, spinach, collards, kale, Swiss chard, rhubarb, turnip greens, mustard, and
Everyone is born with certain genetic mutations that make the them more likely to develop cancer in a later time in life. Though they might have a genetic feature, cancer will not develop unless triggered by environmental factors such as air and water pollution. As a matter of fact, my grandfather started smoking alongside consuming heavy amounts of alcohol around the age of 15, smoking and heavy alcohol intake have been considered as one of the potential causes of colon
For this paper I decided to take a second and evaluate my life and think about what were some of my current lifestyle habits and behaviors and which out of these habits would I like to change. After sitting down and evaluating all of my main habits I categorized them into groups of which ones were helping to lead me to a long healthy lifestyle and which ones were likely to lead me to an unhealthy life and lifestyle. After narrowing these unhealthy habits down to my top three I decided to focus this paper and my attention on my current nutrition and most of all on my negative eating habits. After evaluating my lifestyle and all of my unhealthy habits I felt that my current nutrition level and eating patterns were in need of the most improvement and change.