Carol Gilligan
Carol Gilligan—born November 28, 1936, is a highly esteemed feminist, psychologist, and author. She graduated from Swarthmore College summa cum laude in 1958; she then went on to receive her Master’s degree in clinical psychology from Radcliffe College; during this time she also married her husband Jim Gilligan. She then made the transition into working towards her PhD in social psychology at Harvard University. She wrote her dissertation over an analysis of motives. Upon graduation she taught at the University of Chicago for two years.
Gilligan has continually broken ground with her unique voice, perspective, and research, and she has been a pioneer in feminist and gender difference psychology. Over the past 50 plus years
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Sneed, Patricia Cohen, Henien Chen, Jeffery G. Johnson, Thomas N. Crawford, and Stephanie Kasen. This study was called Gender Differences in the Age-Changing Relationship Between Instrumentality and Family Contact in Emerging Adulthood. The findings of this study support their hypotheses which indicated that through adulthood (age 17 to 27) family contact would decrease and instrumentality would increase (Sneed et al., 2005). They also found differences between genders. Woman who had higher levels of identity exploration also had increased separation of family interaction. Whereas, men who had higher levels of identity exploration actually had more connectedness in their family interactions (Sneed et al., …show more content…
She dates this method to being used in psychology for over 30 years—back to psychological researchers such as Freud and Piaget (Gilligan, 2015). In her study she showcases the importance of listening and being compassionate while doing psychological research. She explains this by saying that psychological researchers are diving into their subject’s lives and minds; so it is important that they make the subject as comfortable and relaxed as possible. However, she states that The Listening Guide is just small step in the right direction, and she believes that we need to improve even farther (Gilligan,
one of the few jobs open to women. She started her 'voyage' at age fifteen by
(Slide 3). Gilligan argues how women have initiated another way of looking at ethics. Gilligan pointed out that there are two types of moral reasoning’s. Male ethics are of justice and female ethics of care. The ethics of care for women is directed to the respond of the needs of others in complicated situations. This approach mainly involves concepts like having compassion, relationships, and responsibilities. (Slide 18). Ethics of justice thinks that the situation is important in determining how it should be treated. Men base justice on rights, applying the rules to everyone and responsibility goes toward codes of conduct. (Slide 19). Male perspectives are held more publicly and are concrete on rights of law. Women on the other hand perceive things as a private
Edna Ferber's themes for her books are unusual for her time. Her most encompassing theme is the feminist one. In one of her most famous novels, Cimarron, Ferber writes the following about her main character, Sabra: ?But she did a man?s job with the paper, often against frightening odds, for Yancey was frequently absent now, and she had no one but the wavering Jesse Rickey to consult? (Ferber 164). All of her central characters are women. Women usually possess greater endurance, ingenuity, perception, and initiative than men. As her stories progress, women became more intuitive, more practical, less romantic, less sentimental, and less gullible than men. In Cimarron, Ferber very clearly depicts her feminist theme. The protagonist, Sabra, slowly evolves throughout the novel, from a doting, dependent wife to a strong, independent l...
Because psychoanalysis was new, not as organized, and slow to catch on, many meetings were held in a casual setting between only a handful of professional acquaintances (McGovern). These small meetings eventually opened up and offered a safe place for women to participate in a relaxed and accepting professional environment. The opportunity for women to share their brilliant minds “allowed women to demolish any vestiges of doubt among analysts about the intellectual limitations of women as professionals” (McGovern 546). It was through patience and earnest sincerity and passion that the women of twentieth century America were able to overcome the libel their sex was labeled with and earn their place to state their theories and
"People who are liberal thinkers have been enslaved by these poseurs, these racketeers, people who are pretending to be liberal but who are in fact just naïve politically. I have been congratulated by women...who are so sick of being bullied by these sanctimonious puritans who call themselves feminists." --Camille Paglia
Gender Roles and Stereotypes Explored in Judy Mann's The The Difference: Growing Up Female in America and Bernard Lefkowitz's Our Guys
People often believe a person 's gender is based on their biological sex; biological sex is defined as the anatomy you are born with. Gender is the identity of a person based on their environment and how they have been influenced. Which shows that the biological makeup of a person and what gender they identify with has nothing to do with each other. Today gender and sexuality has become so fluent that gender role stereotypes should be changed too; over decades of powerful movements have been made to change stereotypes but the work is not over.
...tion of women. Gilligan's research of women, In a Different Voice (1982), resulted in a model of stages of moral development based on responsibility and care for self and others rather than on justice.”(Swanson 2009).
(4) Gilligan. C, (1982). In a different voice, psychological theory and women's development. Harward University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Some men as well as women think that part of the feminism’s definition is that women want to be men. That is so far from the truth. Having the same rights and equalities of men is not the same as wanting a penis. Feminism has a misconception of being a movement that is anti-male. An example of this thinking is a quote from Reverend Jerry Farwell “Feminists hate man. They’re sexist. They hate men - that’s the problem” (David, 1998). Some people object to the language change in feminism that is the change of a “police officer” from a “policeman”. These thoughts are from the same people who don’t believe that women should even be allowed to vote. Unfortunately some people cannot see the big picture on how the feminist movement has improved the lives of men and children as well as women. All that Feminist want is to create a just society for women without oppression to achieve legal and economic equality between men and women as well as the rights to control over their own bodies.
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian author who has received numerous awards and distinctions. Her main argument is that everyone should be a feminist not because of our gender, but because it is what is right. Adichie has been featured in Beyonce’s song, “Flawless”, spreading awareness to the idea of feminism. “We Should All Be Feminists” is a book about her experiences in Nigeria, where men are more powerful than women. The intended audience of the passage is each and every person residing in heavily patriarchal societies. Hesr thesis is “we should all be feminists”.
Although, Gilligan's "care" perspective & Kohlberg's "justice" perspective relatively correlates one another, there are several differences among the two. I would not necessarily say that Gilligan's "care" perspective is weaker for what she mainly accomplished was creating equality between sexes. The problem with that was that gender references in moral reasoning was considered insignificant. Men can be just as emotional as women just as women can be just a justice oriented as men. Morality has no gender. With the care perspective, I would add a few key points such as age differences between men and women since how age is a key role in how we think morally. Also, Just how the justice perspective had a more well-rounded appeal to it, Gilligan should have focused on more of broader issues of equality and not focusing on people and relationships.
Gilligan was the first to consider gender differences in her research with the mental processes of males and females in their moral development. In general, she noted differences between girls and boys in their feelings towards caring, relationships, and connections with other people. To specify that,
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional or philosophical dissertation. It helps to explain the main nature of gender inequality. It further explains the social roles of women in the society such as education, communication, philosophy, sociology and so on (Chodrow, Nancy 1991).
Feminism is defined clinically as the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. By a less medical definition, feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are respected. It is based on political, social, and economical equality for women ,and men in a few instances. Feminists can be anyone in the population regardless of sex, gender, or ethnicity.