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Research paper on gas chromatography
Gas chromatography research paper
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Gas
Chromatography
Purpose: The purpose of the gas chromatography lab is to find out how different substances interact with the surface of a solid. Chromatography is a separation technique that depends on the relative distribution of the components of a mixture between a mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. Chromatography measures the tendency of a substance to interact with the surface of a solid or to remain in a mobile phase. When doing a chromatography lab the mobile phase has to be a substance that is either in a liquid or a gas state. In this lab the mobile phase was a gas, which is why this is called a gas chromatography lab. The different gases tested in this lab were CHCl3 and CH2Cl2. It is determined to what extent a gas interacts with the solid by injecting a known amount of the mobile gas into the carrier gas and then measuring the concentration that comes out at the end of the column. From this there was a detector that transferred the information to a computer were it was graphed. The tendency of the gas to interact with the solid is determined by the number of theoretical plates. A substance that interacts more strongly with the surface of the solid will take more time to be carried across the stationary phase.
Procedure: The pieces of a Gas Chromatograph are the gas supply, injector, column and the detector. The gas supply, or carrier gas, is the gas from the valves at the lab tables. First a coil had to be made out of copper, which would serve as the burner for the detection system. A pipet was used as the column to put the solid stationary substance into. The solid phase in this experiment was Tide. The pipet was filled with Tide detergent and cotton was inserted in both end of the pipet. The column was then secured horizontally to a ring stand using clamps. The tip of the column should be in a vertical position. The copper coil is then placed in the vertical part of the column with the coil about 1/8” above the end of the column. It is important that the copper coil be placed at the right height because if it is too low the flame will not get enough air and if the copper is to high the flame will burn below the coil.
The procedure of the lab on day one was to get a ring stand and clamp, then put the substance in the test tube. Then put the test tube in the clamp and then get a Bunsen burner. After that put the Bunsen burner underneath the test tube to heat it. The procedure of the lab for day two was almost exactly the same, except the substances that were used were different. The
The first type of countercurrent chromatography ever designed was helix countercurrent chromatography. In this form, a helical column is first filled with the stationary phase, then the second phase is continuously injected into one end of the tube. The mobile phase passes through the stationary phase, which is trapped at the bottom of each turn of the coil by gravity. The two phases equilibrate in the stationary segments to varying degrees. The degree of equilibration is controlled by a few factors, including the thoroughness of mixing and physical properties of the two, such as surface tension. At the end the mobile phase is eluted, usually along with a small amount of the stationary phase.
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
Second, a small sample of solutions must be collected and transferred to the beakers by pouring or pipetting from the 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing the solution. Third, a clean wooden stick must be dipped into the solution, soaked for three to five seconds, and put to the flame created by the bunsen burner. It is very important to make sure that that the wooden stick should not catch fire and this may have to be done this several times in order to get a good color. Next, the color of the flame must be recorded in detail and the wooden stick must be ran under some running water to cool it off. Finally, the stick must be discarded into the trash and a new wooden stick must be obtained. Dipping the wooden stick into the solution and put toward the flame must be repeated for the remaining solutions and when you are all done all of the solutions , these solutions should be poured down the drain with a lot of water and rinsed with soap and water. Finally, the labels should be cleaned off, and the beakers should be left upside down to
...bromebutane. Unfortunately, our group was only able to obtain the chromatograph for 2-bromobutane and the rest of the three chromatographs were provided by our T.A. Some possible reasons why the chromatographs for 2-butanol, 1-butanol, and 1-bromobutane were unable to be displayed properly is due to the malfunction of the syringes. If the syringe is not air-tight, the gaseous products can escape before being inserted into the injection port. In addition, the collection tube may have had a minor gas escape from the rubber septum, resulting in less concentrated gaseous products being inserted into the injection port. A possible solution is sealing the collection tube with parafilm. All in all, the provided data chromatographs and the rendered chromatograph by the 2-bromobutane in the lab session did match the expected results for the distribution of gaseous products.
Chromatography is a method to distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds so that they can be analyzed and examined. By performing analysis of a compound, a scientist can figure out what makes up the compound. Chromatography related techniques have been used for centuries to separate materials such as colorants extracted from plants. However, Chromatography was first developed in 1900 by Russian scientist Michael Tswett. He continued
Chromatography is the laboratory technique for separating mixtures into their components for analyzing, identifying, purifying or quantifying the mixtures or components. The mixture dissolved in the mobile phase (gas or liquid) is passed through the stationary phase (liquid or solid), which separates the analyte from the other molecules in the mixture. The differences in the migration rate of the compounds in these two phases effects the separation.
As explained by Saferstein “Chromatography is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixtur... ... middle of paper ... ... ively place the suspect or perpetrator behind bars. Analyzing soil compounds can be measured by the levels of organic molecules including n-alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, which are all found in the waxy outer layer of plant matter (Geddes, 2008). It basically states that compounds can remain in the soil for thousands of years, which explains that each area being tested has its unique organic profile.
Gas Chromatography also known as vapor-phase chromatography (VPC), or gas–liquid partition chromatography (GLPC) is most widely used analytical technique in the world; it is used for the separating and analysing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposing. Among its uses are being able to test the purity of a substance, being able to separate different components in a mixture and help in environmental contaminant identification . This can lead to GC being able to help identify an unknown compounds. The goal purpose of GC is to separate the mixtures into individual components that can be detected and measured one at a time. A plot of the detector output is called a chromatogram, which charts the detector’s response as a function of time, showing the separate components
William Wordsworth is easily understood as a main author whom expresses the element of nature within his work. Wordsworth’s writings unravel the combination of the creation of beauty and sublime within the minds of man, as well as the receiver through naturalism. Wordsworth is known to be self-conscious of his immediate surroundings in the natural world, and to create his experience with it through imagination. It is common to point out Wordsworth speaking with, to, and for nature. Wordsworth had a strong sense of passion of finding ourselves as the individuals that we truly are through nature. Three poems which best agree with Wordsworth’s fascination with nature are: I Wandered as a Lonely Cloud, My Heart leaps up, and Composed upon Westminster Bridge. In I Wandered as a Lonely Cloud, Wordsworth claims that he would rather die than be without nature, because life isn’t life without it, and would be without the true happiness and pleasure nature brings to man. “So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me
Chromatography is the technical term for a set of laboratory approaches for the separation of mixtures (Solid/Liquid/Gas). The mixture is dissolved in a fluid which called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material known as the stationary phase. The various constituents of the mixture transport at different velocities, causing them to separate. The separation is mainly based on differential partitioning between the mobile and it’s stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention time on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation (Tomer, et al., 1994).
The purpose of this lab was to better understand the process of chromatography by separating different mixtures. In one experiment, students had to separate b-carotene and chlorophyll in spinach. In the seconds experiment, students were expected to separate the different colors or compounds within several dyes. In this second experiment, students not only took a paper chromatography of the different dyes, but also of the spinach juice. Furthermore, students also calculate the Rf values for the paper chromatography experiment; students collected the wavelengths of the two bands that were collected from the first experiment (separating separate b-carotene and chlorophyll in spinach). I hypothesized that we would be able to better separate the
It is used for separation of polar/charged/hydrophilic molecules. We can separate macromolecules like proteins, amino acid or nucleotides through ion chromatography. Mobile phase and liquid phase can be of different type i.e., it can be liquid, gas or solid but here Mobile phase is liquid and stationary phase is solid. Mainly the column chromatography is used for this purpose. Column chromatography means we construct columns of polymers like cellulose or
In William Wordsworth’s poems, the role of nature plays a more reassuring and pivotal r ole within them. To Wordsworth’s poetry, interacting with nature represents the forces of the natural world. Throughout the three poems, Resolution and Independence, Tintern Abbey, and Michael, which will be discussed in this essay, nature is seen prominently as an everlasting- individual figure, which gives his audience as well as Wordsworth, himself, a sense of console. In all three poems, Wordsworth views nature and human beings as complementary elements of a sum of a whole, recognizing that humans are a sum of nature. Therefore, looking at the world as a soothing being of which he is a part of, Wordsworth looks at nature and sees the benevolence of the divinity aspects behind them. For Wordsworth, the world itself, in all its glory, can be a place of suffering, which surely occurs within the world; Wordsworth is still comforted with the belief that all things happen by the hands of the divinity and the just and divine order of nature, itself.
Through the poems of Blake and Wordsworth, the meaning of nature expands far beyond the earlier century's definition of nature. "The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom." The passion and imagination portrayal manifest this period unquestionably, as the Romantic Era. Nature is a place of solace where the imagination is free to roam. Wordsworth contrasts the material world to the innocent beauty of nature that is easily forgotten, or overlooked due to our insensitivities by our complete devotion to the trivial world. “But yet I know, where’er I go, that there hath passed away a glory from the earth.