Frame Relay and Leased Lines
In networking there are many options in having data transferred from one location to another. Two of which include frame relay and leased lines. Frame relay is a communication method that transfers data by dividing information into packets and sending them over a virtual network. Frame relay is a difficult process to understand and to accomplish. Leased lines, however, is the permanent connection between two stations. Leased lines are simpler to understand and do not take a lot of effort to achieve.
According to Computer Networks, frame relay came into existence to overcome the complex protocols caused by slow telephone lines, and expensive computers. Today, telephone lines are fast and inexpensive, which make a good market for frame relay (60). Frame relay is a service in which information can be transmitted in a fast and inexpensive way in either a Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN). However, the Frame Relay FAQ Website, refers to frame relay as "cost effective" because it is not necessarily cheap. The most is made out of the purchaser's money.
Frame relay is often referred to as a "cloud" because information travels over many different paths; it is not a physical connection between two stations. It is uncertain how exactly the information will get from place to place at any given time. According to the LAN Times Encyclopedia of Networking, the Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) is a path in which the frame relay network connects two end points. These PVC's are always active and are guaranteed to provide a certain level of service (384). Today, frame relay is a true "fast packet" switching network by using switched virtual circuits. Switched virtual circuits can pro...
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...ay. Each data communication need depends on the situation at hand and the communication circuit used would vary accordingly to that situation.
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Disclaimer; this is intended to be an introductory technical article; certain details have been excluded in the interests of space and clarity. Network design examples are presented to illustrate specific technical points and are not intended to fully complete.
In the early years of computer and network research and development many systems were designed by a number of companies. Although each system had its rights and were sold across the world, it became apparent as network usage grew, that it was difficult, to enable all of these systems to communicate with each other.
Synchronous and Asynchronous data transfer are two methods of sending data over the telephone line. In synchronous data transmission, data is sent via a bit stream, which sends a group characters in a single stream. In order to do this, modems gather groups of characters into a buffer, where they are prepared to be sent as such a stream. In order for the stream to be sent, synchronous modems must be in perfect synchronization with each other.
The bus topology connects several computers, or nodes, with a communication channel, often a single cable. Computers on a bus either transmit data to other computers on the network or listen for data from other computers on the network. They are not responsible for moving data from one computer to the next. Consequently, if one computer fails, it does not affect the rest of the network. Because the data, or electronic signal, is sent to the entire network, it travels from one end of the cable to the other. If the signal is allowed to continue uninterrupted, it will keep bouncing back and forth along the cable and prevent other computers from sending signals. Therefore, the signal must be stopped after it has had a chance to reach the proper destination address. To stop the signal from bouncing, a component called a terminator is placed at each end of the cable to absorb free signals. Absorbing the signal clears the cable so that other computers can send data. Both ends of the network must be terminated with a terminator. A barrel connector can be used to extend the cables for better reach. A barrel connector can connect two pieces of cable together to make a longer piece of cable which can be helpful in many office situations. However, connectors weaken the signal and should be used sparingly. One continuous cable is preferable to connecting several smaller ones with connectors. Using too many connectors can prevent the signal from being correctly received. There are ways around that. Another handy piece of equipment is known as a repeater, a repeater can be used to connect two cables together. A repeater actually boosts the signal before it sends the signal on its way. A repeater is...
The use of digital computers for power system relaying has been proposed long time ago in [1]. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was one of the first algorithms that have been proposed to be used in digital relaying. DFT has been the focus of many researched due to its simplicity and its relevant properties. Variations of the DFT have been proposed. This includes the short window, long window and the symmetrical component DFT [2]. DFT has many advantages compared to other types of transforms. In this short report the DFT will be reviewed. An emphasis will be given on the DFT as compared to the usual Fourier transform. The use of DFT in relaying will be outlined and explained. The frequency response of the DFT will be sketched out and stressed. The report ends with the advantages and the disadvantages of the DFT used in power system relaying.
Timothy Pintello (2013). Introduction to Networking with Network1. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 175-199.
Beasley, J. (2004). The Network switch. In J. Beasley, Networking (pp. 92-93). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Most networks transfer data in two directions and are known as duplex communications links. Duplex links are classified as either full duplex or half duplex (also known as two ways alternate), depending upon whether both local and remote nodes may simultaneously transmit, or whether one must wait for the other to finish before starting transmission.
Networking is a technological instrument which has important utilization in communication, it can be voice communication or video communication, but it has some limitations that most of the time we can not keep them as evidence in our communication cycle, because of that it is better to use written form communication such as emails, text messages, and fax.
Figure 2.11 above shows the network topology in a single lab. In the lab, a star topology is used to connect a printer, a wireless access point and 50 personal computers with a single special device known as switch. Instead of using hub, a switch is used to identify which computer system is connecting to which port. Switch knows exactly where a frame is received from and which port it wants to send to, without increasing the network response time. Unlike a hub which divides the bandwidth among the systems when multiple PCs are broadcasting, switch enables system users to access the maximum amount of bandwidth regardless the number of PCs transmitting. Thus, a switch is considered as a better choice than a hub because it maintains the performance instead of degrading.
Packet switching is used as an alternative choice for circuit switching which is used in PSTN or in ISDN for making or establishing voice telephone call connections
programs used to link two or more computers. Network users are able to share files,
Berean¡¦s existing network infrastructure is wire line, and uses a T1. Remote users access the network through a dial-up modem pool. Berean¡¦s wire line network model severely limits the accessibility and effectiveness of the Berean network. For example, employees in Berean facilities are unable to access the network easily from meetings, the cafeteria, or anywhere other than their offices. In addition, the effectiveness of remote users is limited by the slow speed of present-day dial-up modem connections.
Computers in technological development demand more efficient networking. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come Coming from a background of Electronics and Communication Engineering, I have developed an interest to probe into the area of Networking and Computer Networks. Hence I wish to do Masters in Computer Science (CS) as my major.
Fiber optic technology has opened the door to many more communication opportunities for the world today. It provides higher fidelity long distance telephone conversations, as well as secure communication systems. Today, more than 90% of the United States long-distance traffic is already carried over optical fiber; more than 15 million miles have been installed, virtually all of it using the original design.