National Security vs. the Right to Privacy
analytical Essay
1764 words
Abstract: Electronic mail is quickly becoming the most prevalent method of communication in the world. However, e-mail systems in corporate, institutional, and commercial environments are all potential targets of monitoring, surveillance and ultimately, censorship. Electronic mail is a phenomenon that has begun to pervade all aspects of our lives today. We use e-mail in our personal lives, at our schools, at our jobs, and everywhere in between. However, very few of us consider the fact that even though our e-mail is composed by the sender, and is intended to be read only by the recipient, it actually passes through many hands in between. Transmitted e-mail will often travel through up to 5 or 6 different servers on its way from sender to recipient. Along the way, it can be read, changed, and even destroyed by any party with the means and the inclination to do so. The decision to monitor e-mail is left to the organization that provides the e-mail service to users. These organizations can range from educational institutions and private corporations, to governments and non-profit organizations. Each of these different types of organizations has a different agenda and goals, not only in general, but also for their members-and more specifically, for their members' e-mail. While educational institutions can provide e-mail facilities to their constituents for the purposes of convenience, employers almost always maintain e-mail facilities for the sole purpose of improving the on-the-job productivity of their employees. Richard Epstein's The Case of the Killer Robot, provides an ideal demonstration of the benefits of e-mail monitoring. "Silicon Techronics Employee Admits Faking Software Tests" (... ... middle of paper ... .... Ethics and computing: living responsibly in a computerized world. IEEE. 2001. Cripps, Wayne. Dartmouth College, Department of Computer Sciences. Personal Communication, January 24th, 2001. Epstein, Richard. The case of the killer robot: stories about the professional, ethical and societal dimensions of computing. John Wiley and Sons. 1996. Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Congressional Statement -2000." http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/congress/congress00/kerr090600.htm. Higgins, Kevan. Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen and Hamilton. Personal Communication, January 23rd, 2001. Matthews, James. Dartmouth College, Department of Computing Services. Personal Communication, January 23rd, February 7th, 2001. User Communications. Dartmouth College, Department of Computing Services. "Computer and Network Policy." BlitzMail Bulletin. Wed, 15 Nov 2000 13:36:45.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that the 4th amendment of the u.s. constitution maintains that citizens shall never be subject to illegal searches or seizures, but the supreme court has not conclusively ruled whether or not the surveillance of e-mail constitutes illegal search.
- Explains that carnivore has only been used in investigations about 25 times since its inception in 1998. the f.b.i. works with internet service providers when deploying electronic surveillance.
- Explains that a service provider's decision about whether or not to monitor e-mail is far less clear-cut than the federal courts.
- Explains that private corporations monitor the e-mail of their employees to protect them from inappropriate traffic, including lewd and vulgar content.
- Explains epstein, richard, the case of the killer robot: stories about the professional, ethical and societal dimensions of computing.
- Analyzes how e-mail systems in corporate, institutional, and commercial environments are all potential targets of monitoring, surveillance and ultimately, censorship.
- Explains that while ubs warburg's e-mail monitoring practices appear to be practically motivated, other employers have ethical reasons for monitoring their employees' email.
- Cites matthews, james, dartmouth college, department of computing services. computer and network policy.
Related
- comparative
- analytical
- opinion
- explanatory
- Email Privacycomparative essayWhy do people assume that email is private? This assumption could seem reasonable, given that email can be accessed from a personal message service that requires a password to access, providing a false sense of confidentiality. Perhaps people who are familiar with the privacy protection of the U.S. mail system assume it applies to email as well. It is possible for someone to have a misconstrued faith in technological security when using electronic communication. These are only a few of the several possible reasons a person could mistakenly rationalize that email messages are free from interception. Unfortunately serious adverse ramifications may await employees who are unaware that their computer use can be monitored.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that even if email privacy is reassured to an employee by his or her supervisor, he or she should not divulge sensitive information.
- Explains that email is a relatively new form of commercial communication; technological progress has evolved faster than the law. the support of the courts in this matter has led to growing popularity of email monitoring in the work place.
- Recommends a wide-spread effort to inform employees about their lack of rights pertaining to email security in the workplace.
- Explains that the public's belief that email is not a private or secure form of communication has led to legal quagmires and ethical dilemmas.
1348 wordsRead More - E-mail, Instant Messaging and Chat Rooms: The New Letter?analytical essayEnter the personal computer: today, a dude clicks away, instant-messaging his favorite chick; complicated war strategies are instantly e-mailed across secure computer networks; chat rooms create never-ending global cocktail parties. Two PC’s with Internet connections equal instant communication, instant gr...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that internet mediums are the new "letter" only if the computer replaces the pen.
- Presents plato to the digital age, ed. evelyn b. tribble and anne trubek, new york, 2003.
- Cites evelyn b. tribble and anne trubek's "readings from plato to the digital age".
- Introduces evelyn b. tribble and anne trubek to the digital age.
- Analyzes how a written letter has meaningful form and content, based on historical etiquette and social propriety.
- Narrates how their teenage son crudely forged their name on a school detention note by stenciling their signature. the woman e-mailed too-tellingly from her work computer.
- Compares how e-mails, instant messages, and chat room writing can be retrieved from your hard drive and copied by the recipient in the blink of an eye.
- Argues that instant messaging and chat rooms provide unique internet "vehicle(s) of social mobility"
- Introduces evelyn b. tribble and anne trubek's plato to the digital age.
1947 wordsRead More - Morality In Eando Binder's I, Robotanalytical essayPeople love to read stories and watch movies of a science-fictional society that include robots with artificial intelligence. People are intrigued with the ability of the robots that seem to demonstrate what we humans consider morality. Eando Binder’s and Isaac Asimov’s short stories, as well as the 2004 Hollywood movie, all carry the title “I, Robot” and introduce possible futuristic worlds where robots are created and integrated within society. These stories challenge our perceptions about robots themselves, and could perhaps become an everyday commodity, or even valued assistants to human society. The different generations of “I, Robot” seem to set out the principles of robot behavior and showcase robots to people in both different and similar ways. How does the Robot view itself? More importantly, how does society judge these creations? The concepts discussed in these three stories covers almost 75 years of storytelling. Why has this theme stayed so relevant for so long?
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how eando binder and isaac asimov's short stories, as well as the 2004 hollywood movie, all carry the title "i, robot" and introduce futuristic worlds where robots are created and integrated within society.
- Analyzes how eando binder and his brother otto created the first "i, robot" story in 1939. the story is told from the point of view of the main character, which was a robot named adam link.
- Analyzes how adam, after being forced into the real world due to his creator's accident death, comes to understand why humanity won't accept him.
- Analyzes how isaac asimov's "i, robot" introduced readers to his objective to make his stories something that would change the opinion that people have on robots and, as well as changing the world of science fiction right over
- Analyzes how dr. lanning created the character of sonny in the 2004 movie adaptation, i, robot.
1707 wordsRead More - Isaac Asimov's Three Laws Of Robotics6: What Causes?analytical essayFrom the beginning, as technology casually began to integrate into our daily routine. A significant portion of society lived in constant fear of a possible uprising from an advanced robotic regime, which we built to serve us, which would rally together and enslave the entire human race. Well, probably not that many people believed this, nevertheless, the scenario has been depicted in popular media for several decades. This iconic list of nefarious antagonists includes HAL 90001, M52, Master Control Program3, Skynet4, and the demented little robot who dastardly ascertained the capacity to ‘love’, Wall-E5. A science fiction writer named Isaac Asimov, who was also popular for portraying this theme, became immortalized on the day his Three Laws of Robotics6 were published. The laws which were substantially influential on pop culture, were written as follows; (1) A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. (2) A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. (3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws7. The overwhelming success from the introduction of these laws unto mainstream media could be seen as a reflection of the subtle concern present amongst the general public when considering Artificial Intelligence (AI)8. Even Stephen Hawking laid out his extreme concerns recently, over the future of AI, by remarking "success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history,[but] unfortunately, it might also be the last"9. However, computing technology, as it exists today, functions at only a fraction of the human brain’s capacity and it w...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the iconic list of nefarious antagonists, including hal 90001, m52, master control program3, skynet4, and the demented little robot who dastardly ascertained the capacity to ‘love’, wall-e5, has been depicted in popular media for decades.
- Explains that computing technology functions at only a fraction of the human brain's capacity and it would be unfathomable for computational technology to overthrow humanity while not possessing intelligence.
- Explains that the doctrine of method, which includes topics such as free will, will not be considered in this paper when determining how one gains knowledge.
- Explains that empiricists cannot be correct because they can prove that a priori knowledge exists.
- Explains that objects are given to us as merely 'appearances', and not as objects within ourselves. the faculty of intuitions is comprised of space and time.
- Explains that the manifold of data must be taken in and combined in a certain way for cognition relating to ‘i’.
- Analyzes how kant defines the general problem of pure reason as how to show the existence of synthetic a priori knowledge which would study what our brain must do to have cognitions of objects.
- Explains that judgments are limited to certain types, implying that all forms of intuition would have to pass through limited types of categories of understanding judgements.
- Explains how intuitions are synthesized with the unity of apperception to create 'concepts', which are understood through pure reason to become cognitions. computers rely on a binary system of ones and zeros to represent numbers and letters.
- Argues that computers gain knowledge through a process of feedback loop/recursion, which is one of the essential ideas of computer programming.
2618 wordsRead More - Breach Brings Scrutinyopinion essayThe main characters in this article include Epsilon Data Management, LLC, a division of Alliance Data Systems Corp., which provides marketing mail campaigns to a myriad of companies. Among affected Epsilon’s client companies are J. P. Morgan Chase & Co., TiVo Inc., along with 40 other companies, who outsource their email marketing campaigns to Epsilon. Assisting Epsilon with clearing a path for their emails and ensuring they reach their destination without being thrown into the spam folders are companies such as Return Path Inc., Yahoo Inc., Google Inc., and Microsoft Corp. The final security warning in this article is provided by security firms such as eCert Inc.
In this essay, the author
- States that ben worthen authored breach brings scrutiny in a published wsj.com article of april 5, 2011. the article discusses security breach compromise of customers’ data used by epsilon data management, llc, for marketing purposes.
- Describes epsilon data management, llc, a division of alliance data systems corp., which provides marketing mail campaigns to companies.
- Explains that epsilon data management handles email marketing campaigns for well-known companies. it provides an analytical connection between customer data and target markets, along with methods to link them.
- Describes the data breach that affected epsilon as hacking of customers’ information that included names and email addresses.
- Advises companies like j. p. morgan chase, who experienced the data breach, to warn their customers quickly and efficiently of this breach via emails, phone calls, recorded phone messages, social web sites, and company web site announcements.
- Opines that email is a form of marketing communication in the digital age. emails are susceptible to hacking and information theft, and should be designed to become simple announcement messages without connecting the recipient to their personal information.
- Argues that companies should cultivate a customer relationship management model that will combine careful interaction between the customer's information and their "touch points" to capitalize on customer loyalty.
- Explains that this article shares similar concerns mentioned in kotler and keller’s a framework for marketing management integrated with pharmasim on page 81, regarding the downside of database marketing.
- Opines that smart marketers have the responsibility of knowing and understanding their customers. one way of excelling in this effort is to collect customers' information and store it in a customer database.
- Opines that companies need to achieve perfect balance between sophisticated database marketing process and safety and security of customers' information to build the "customer perceived value" for their product.
- Opines that epsilon's data breach may be one of the largest in history, but it is definitely not the last one. customers should heed the advice of security firms and businesses and exercise extreme caution when asked for information.
1179 wordsRead More - Robots Essayanalytical essayWith the development of technology in the world, people are faced with many things they never saw and knew before. In this modern life, technology has affected a lot of people’s lives in many levels. Robots are considered as important products of technology. Robots were introduced by a writer, Karel Čapek, from the Czech word, robota, meaning “forced labor” or “serf”. Čapek used this word in his play, R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) which opened in Prague in January, 1921, a play in which an Englishman named Rossum mass-produced automata. The automata, robots, are meant to do the world’s work and to make a better life for humans; but in the end they rebel, wipe out humanity, and start a new race of intelligent life for the robots themselves (Asimov, 1984). Robot does not have a specific definition itself, every dictionary has a slightly different definition. “Deciding if a machine is or is not a robot is like trying to decide if a certain shade of greenish blue is truly blue or not blue,” said Carlo Bertocchini, the owner of RobotBooks.com. “Some people will call it blue while others will vote not blue,” (Branwyn, 2004). This essay will limit the meaning of robot as what defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary (2004), robot is a machine that looks and acts like a human being, an efficient but insensitive person, a device that automatically performs especially repetitive tasks, and something guided by automatic controls. As the technology grows more modern each day, scientists and programmers are creating and improving the function of robots. Nevertheless, many people are still debating should robots be developed more and should robots be used in everyday life. I disagree that the further development of robots should be remain...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that robots are considered important products of technology. they were introduced by karel apek in his play, r.u.r.
- Opines that robots are more efficient than humans, but they can't guarantee good results. robots have artificial intelligence and cannot replace human intelligence. toyota has abolished 10 percent of material-related waste from building crankshafts.
- Explains that people use robots to help other people, such as children with autism. robots are said to be able to track children's progress without a human present.
- Explains that scientists and programmers create more innovations toward robots to fulfill the demand from the industries and people.
- Argues that humanoids can be programmed as what people want them to be and to do, not like humans.
- Argues that robots help many aspects in human's life, such as providing assistance in military. robots can replace soldiers in dangerous tasks, and can make lethal mistakes.
- Analyzes how oxford university researchers examine the impact of future computerization on us labor market outcomes.
- Concludes that even though robots may bring advantage to humans, they should not replace human beings with doing different kinds of jobs. the solution is to stop robot development and use human resources.
- Summarizes trudell, hagiwara, & jie's 'gods' make comeback at toyota as humans steal jobs from robots.
- Explains asimov's new guide to science. bekey, g. (2005).
- Cites frey, osborne, and grogan, a. (2013). the future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation?
1741 wordsRead More - The Sociological Impact of Nanotechnology and Biotechnologyexplanatory essayBrooks, Rodney A. "1. Dances With Machines." Flesh And Machines: How Ro-bots Will Change Us. 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books, 2002.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that they chose to do their term paper on the sociological impact of nanotechnology and biotechnology because of the vast potential for advances in medicine, space exploration and technology.
- Explains the definition of nanotechnology and biotechnology, stating that it doesn't include things like laundry detergent, chemical additives, makeup micro-beads or anything of the like.
- Explains brooks, rodney a., "1. dances with machines." flesh and machine: how ro-bots will change us, 1st ed.
- Explains kurzweil, ray, the singularity is near: when humans transcend biology.
- Explains that macionis, john j., "part 1: the foundations of sociology."
- Illustrates how nanotechnology and bionics promise the same extreme effects but more than likely with even faster rates of change.
2224 wordsRead More - The Pros for email Out Weigh the Consanalytical essayEmail has enhanced the ‘letter writing’ of the past. Today we live in a fast paced society with fast food restaurants, drive up ATMs, two-way radios and now electronic mail, also known as email. Email has become a part of everyday life for most individuals. It would be hard to find a company that does not use email in some aspect of their work. I use it all day long, customers email me orders, colleagues email each other, and of course I receive a daily email from my father. We were at a virtual stand still this past month when our email server crashed. We had lost all of our contact information that was saved in our email address books, all past emails. Our computer technician did retrieve everything, but it was a very stressful few days.
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how they were excited to see if anyone had sent them a card or were in the next phase of the publisher’s clearing house drawing.
- Explains that email has become a part of everyday life for most individuals. they use it all day long, customers email orders, colleagues email each other, and of course, their father emails them daily.
- Explains that email has allowed people to stay in touch with each other quickly and inexpensively. their family has a ‘yahoo group’ where everyone can post messages.
- Explains that email is a conversation that does not require an immediate response. they explain that most users think that the minute someone receives an email they will immediately read it.
- Analyzes the problem of correct punctuation in email, and wendy lesser's struggle to accept email as a sufficient form of writing.
- Explains that there are options for someone to still have style in their email. happy and sad faces can be placed in the text to convey the writer's feelings. fonts, underlines, bold can stress importance of words.
- Analyzes how adam gopnik wrote that email is the literary event of the late century.
- Opines that the pros and cons of email outweigh the cons. in the fast-paced society, email has made keeping in touch easier.
- Describes the works of dennis baron, and adam gopnik, in writing material: readings from plato to the digital world.
997 wordsRead More - Rogers, E.M. and Rafaeli, S. Computers and Cummunication. In Information and Behaviour, Vol. 1, 1985, ed. B.D.Ruben, 135-155. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ellipsis is typical for e-mails because it is close to speech, where we often leave sentences unfinished or omit words.
- Explains that since e-mail is interaction, a dialogue, sentences often have introductory words attracting attention or expressing an emotional view on the topic.
- Narrates roman's "ok, that was a comic relief" and "yeah, i got the trash out and made your bed too."
- Opines that people can stink in dreams if they want them to.
- Opines that this is an amazing response to this issue, and that they only wish they could mess around with compskis back at ukc.
- Narrates how they are spoiling their reputation of the tough guy by sending a short email.
- Explains that most of the questions in the messages analysed have been formed in traditional way, but several peculiarities were found.
- Explains that some questions do not have the traditional (auxiliary) form, "she thinks you have cybersex?" only the punctuation mark indicates that it is a question.
- Explains that tag questions are close to statement-type questions. "ok", "hugh" and other short connotative words are used as tags. tags are also used in other languages.
- Explains that ellipsis is characteristic of e-mail questions. the shortest one is the question "u" which is fully comprehensible in context.
- Explains that there are many colloquialisms in the messages, and they appear in question formation.
- Explains lee-ellen marvin's description of computer-mediated communication: "the text that may be communicated is limited to the range of characters on a typical computer keyboard."
- Analyzes the russian newspaper "subbota"'s extensive list of symbols used in e-mail. the article is so explicit that did not dare to spoil it by translation into english.
- Explains that emotes are a group of specific email vocabulary that come from chats and serve the purpose of making the written dialogue oral communication-like.
- Analyzes how e-mail messages are full of spoken inarticulations, which one most probably won't find in snail mail letters. hackerish slang site suggests that this shows up with increasing frequency
- Explains that while traditional letters are concerned about correct spelling and punctuation, e-mail writers break the rules both on purpose and unintentionally.
- Explains that asterisk bracketing is common, even though it interferes with the common use of the suffix as a footnote mark.
- Analyzes victor savicki's article "gender language style and group composition in internet discussion groups" and concludes that results were mixed in regard to the relation of language patterns and group gender composition.
- Asks whether gender differences could be more distinct in e-mails, since there is less direct simultaneous interaction.
- Opines that a deeper study might show some results about the peculiarities, in the columns of which "0" appears.
- Explains that the differences aren't so distinct in e-mails, where men and women represent extreme positions on several gender related variables.
- Explains that there are specific peculiarities in language usage in e-mails which differ from the traditional letter-writing.
- Explains that hackish slang, supplemented by creative e-mail writers, is the main source of these peculiarities.
- Explains the main reasons for using these peculiarities is a wish to prove experience, belonging to cyber-communities, and play and challenge within.
- Explains that ellipsis, image creation, and introductory words are characteristic of e-mail statements.
- Analyzes how symbols, abbreviations, acronyms, emotes and spoken articulations are the peculiar vocabulary of email messages.
- Explains that e-mail writers play with language, forming new words, using conversion, compounding, and borrowing.
- Explains that there are no obvious gender differences in usage of e-mail language peculiarities. however, the following hypothesis could be investigated.
- Cites berthold michael's article clustering on the net: applying an autoassociated neural network to computer mediated discussions.
- Explains rogers, e.m., and rafaeli, s. computers and cummunication, in information and behaviour, vol. 1, 1985.
- Cites berthold michael's article clustering on the net: applying an autoassociated neural network to computer mediated discussions.
- Explains rogers, e.m., and rafaeli, s. computers and cummunication, in information and behaviour, vol. 1, 1985.
- Explains that computer mediated communication is a relatively new usage of language and has great potential for linguistic researches.
- Explains that e-mail peculiarities come from different sources and have developed due to different reasons and purposes. hackers, as a rule, love wordplay and are conscious in their use of language.
- Analyzes how e-mails are emotional and play with intonation by choosing sentence structure.
- Explains that symbols and punctuation marks have gained semantic meaning and have come into active e-mail vocabulary. smileys are friendly gestures, indications of approval or appreciation.
- Explains that e-mail is a medium of communication that is often chosen because of its speed.
- Explains that conversion is the most productive means of word formation in e-mails.
- Explains that some "incorrect" spellings are conventional within computer mediated communication, especially the ones representing informal american english. necessity to use as few characters as possible first created the one-letter word spelling and this came into e-mails.
- Explains that e-mail writers use punctuation marks unconventionally. sentences end without periods, and commas indicate pauses rather than clauses.
- Opines that the messages selected don't make a satisfactory representation of the answers to these questions. however, it might give some preview for deeper analysis.
4343 wordsRead More - Influence of the Digital Revolution in Societyanalytical essayLin, N. G. (2012). Robot Ethics : The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how digital revolution is accelerating the productivity of various outcomes in the society and transforming the employment and economy of the world.
- Explains that general purpose technologies (gpt) are technological innovations so powerful that they interrupt and accelerate the normal march of economic progress.
- Explains that digitization is an ongoing process of creative destruction innovators use both new and established technologies to make deep changes at the level of the task, the job, and the process.
- Explains the rise in wage inequality in the u.s. labor market is usually attributed to skill-biased technical change, associated with personal computers and related information technologies.
- Explains that micromultinationals are businesses with less than a dozen employees that sell to customers worldwide and draw on worldwide supplier and partner networks.
- Explains moor's law: the number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months.
- Explains that the us economy is not putting people back to work as the jobs are being taken by machines. resolving this paradoxical coexistence of increase in productivity, economic misfortune and stagnated incomes, and bringing technology back into the discussion is the core purpose of the book.
- Argues that organizations should foster organizational innovation by re-inventing new structures, processes, and business models where individuals can race with machines and improve their partnership.
- Explains lin, n. g., robot ethics : the ethical and social implications of robotics.
- Argues that humanlike robots are becoming smarter, mobile, and autonomous. they could lead to unemployment, impacting the economy and impact crucial social aspects.
- Opines that america's unemployment is the result of a long-term decline in america’s ability to innovate and increase productivity.
- Explains how technology has transformed human lives. electricity, stem power, computers & network are examples of the revolution of industrialization.
- Argues that the relationship between skills and wages has recently become u-shaped, implying that gardeners and restaurant busboys are not in danger of being replaced by machines any soon.
- Explains that innovation in technology has radically increased the economy's productive capacity, with average growth of 2.5% a year.
- Explains the threat of technology unemployment by defining three overlapping categories of winners and losers.
- Argues that rapid growth in technology is leading to an unhealthy consequence: rich getting richer and the poor poorer.
- Cites bar-cohen, y., and card, j. e. (2009). the coming robot revolution expectations and fears about emerging intelligent, humanlike machines.
1912 wordsRead More