2.4 Force Reduction Factor In most building codes, the reduction is accomplished by introducing force reduction factor (R) or alternatively called behavior factor (q) or response modification factor. This factor accounts mainly for ductility as well as the degree of redundancy in the structure and the strain hardening (Truby A. 2015).
Force reduction factor (R) in ECP 2012 is defined for five categories of basic structural systems with total twelve subsystems for different ductility classes of building according to the type of utilized structural system .While in the EC8:2004 behavior factor (q) values are given for various materials and structure systems according to the relevant ductility classes (high or medium or low). Table 4 shows the
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H≤ 60 m H≤ 40 m
Second Method
T_1=2п√((∑_(i=1)^n▒〖w_(i.) u_i^2 〗)/(g∑_(i=1)^n▒〖F_(i.) u_i 〗))
Where:
Wi: Is the design weight at the floor (i).
Fi: Is the lateral force at the floor (i). ui: Is the horizontal displacement at the floor (i) due to horizontal force (Fi). n: Is the number of stories. g: Is the ground acceleration.
The restriction of this method that T1 should not exceed 1.20 T1 that calculated from the first method. For structures with concrete or masonry shear walls the value of Ct in the first method may be taken as:
Ct = 0.075/ √(A_C )
Where:
Ac = Σ[Ai .(0.2 + lwi / H)2]
Ac: Is the total effective area of the shear walls in the first story of the building in (m2).
Ai: Is the effective cross-sectional area of shear wall (i) in the direction considered in the first story of the building in (m2). lwi: Is the length of the shear wall (i) in the first story in the direction parallel to the applied forces in (m).
H: Taken as in the first method.
The restriction of this method that lwi/H should not exceed 0.9.
Third
Method Using computer modeling with the restriction that T1 should not exceed 1.20 T1 that calculated from the first method. T1 = 2
Two equations were used in this experiment to determine the initial temperature of the hot water. The first equation
The average of the three unknown solution was calculated and the concentration of the unknown solution was
The minimization of the load occurs through the site orientation of the building and the R-values of the materials used. Although the site is constrained by the historic pattern of the street and houses that are currently there, the building is still able maintain interior temperatures in the ...
4. A) The functions for the problem would look like p=800*0.95*t and 0=50*1.15*t. P represents the pine
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Physically, the wall is a 4,500-mile long structure that covers land from the Gobi desert to the mount...
Works Cited Journal articles: • Lane, Thomas. “Crazy Angles, Soaring Steel.” Building vol. 274 no. 8588 (28) 2009, July 17, pp. 40-46.
Percent Error: %Error= I actual - theoretical I x 100 = l2.28 - 2.28l x 100 = 0 %
There are parts of the walls that seem to be missing, which creates a flow between the two main spaces. The pavilion’s thin, sweeping roof is supported by eight cruciform columns clad in chrome. This created an open and free space where he lined the outside of the building with glass. He then carefully placed a thin slab of onyx in the middle of the open volume. Mies created established characteristics that became essential for modern architecture.
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The calculation below was done to determine the minimum depth the heave-plate has to be in order to serve its purpose as a damping
Solution: (a) Tc = 60(0.94)47= 1.2 min, Ts = 1.2 - 0.1 = 1.1 min