The F1 x F1 cross showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio for wild type: dumpy: sepia: dumpy sepia. Both types of F1xF1 crosses had the same expected ratio regardless of initial parental gender in the reciprocal crosses. My F1 x F1 cross came from a dumpy female parent and a male sepia parent. My results showed a male Chi squared of 3.37 which meant the data had a probability of 0.30. This shows the data was close enough to the ratio since the probability was higher than 0.05 probability. The female Chi squared was 1.54 which provided a probability of 0.70. The 0.70 probability shows that the data was close to the intended 9:3:3:1 ratio. The male and female data had the same expected ratio of 9:3:3:1 but the female data was more accurate. The section data for the F1x F1 with the same parents, from a dumpy female parent and a male sepia parent, had a male …show more content…
This data had a probability of 0.05 according to the chart. The 0.05 probability indicates this data was not very accurate compared to the expected ratio. The female Chi squared was 20.41 which provided a low probability of 0.001. This data was not very accurate at all since the Chi squared was very high and did not follow the ratio closely. The F1 x F1 cross, that used the two parents female sepia and male dumpy, had a male Chi squared of 13.93 which showed a probability of 0.001. The probability showed poor data since it did not fit well with the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio and was lower than the 0.05 cut off. The female Chi squared was 15.13 and showed a probability of 0.001. This data was also not very accurate since it strayed from the expected ratio. Both male and female showed the same expected ratio indicating no different in gender for these genes. The reciprocal crosses also made no impact on the progeny data since the ratios were 9:3:3:1 for both sets of F1 x F1 crosses. Usually it is not a good idea to treat reciprocal test crosses as the same cross using Drosophila because male Drosophila do not cross over while females
There is no doubt that automobile plays an inevitable role in the world’s history, especially in the history of America. Both Kline and Pinch and Flink are on the problem of automobile, but they certainly have various focus. In Three stages of American automobile consciousness written by Flink, it divides the auto history into three stages and mainly argues about the history or the development of automobile industry in America, which is written in a big picture. On the other hand, Kine and Pinch tend to discuss the connection between rural area and automobile, also how gender get involved in the social construction after cars are brought to the America.
The statistical test used was the Chi-Squared test as it measures for a statistically significant association between the frequencies of limpets at each microhabitat.
This meant that we had to reject our hypothesis for the dihybrid cross which stated that there would be no difference in the observed and expected values. This showed that the F2 generations did not follow Mendelian genetics because it did not express a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. In both our F1 and F2 generations, we had to reject our hypotheses because they did not follow the Mendelian genetic inheritance pattern show by our results above. Because both the F1 and F2 generations of Brassica rapa failed to follow the Mendelian genetics inheritance pattern, there could have been some biological errors that cause this to happen. An example of this is that maybe not every single plant got the exact same amount of water or same amount of sunlight, causing the plants to grow differently and therefore deviate from the Mendelian’s law of inheritance. To prevent this from happening in the future, what could have been done was measure out the amount of water each plant got rather than just watering each plant casually. Also, for the amount of sunlight, steps could have been taken to ensure that each plant would get the exact same amount of light and not get different amounts just because of where they were
revealed that three of the fourteen samples were were homozygous while the other eleven were
The fruit fly, or the Drosophila melanogaster, was used in this experiment to study patterns of inheritance. It only takes a fruit fly 14 days to develop from an egg to an adult and then 12 hours before they become reproductive, so these factors made the fruit fly a good species to study, because we had enough time to do crosses. We were investigating the patterns of inheritance in the eye color and the wings. The wild type flies had red eyes and full wings, while the mutant phenotype had brown eyes and no wings. We also had to study the sexes of the flies. The male flies had darker abdominal tips and sex combs on both of their forearms. For the results, my group had predicted as follows:
If the hypothesis that the her1 hermaphrodites do not produce antheridiogen is correct, the wild type culture and her1 filtrate will have the same percentage of males as the wild type culture and distilled water. If the hypothesis that her1 do not have receptors that perceive antheridiogen is correct, then her1 culture and wild type filtrate will have the same percentage of males as her1 culture and distilled water.
Genetic disorders can be caused by many of the 46 chromosomes in human cells. This specific disorder is linked to a mutation in the long arm of the X, or 23rd chromosome. The mutation is recessive, meaning a normal X chromosome can hide it. Females have two X chromosomes allowing them to hide the mutated recessive one, making them a carrier of the gene, while males only have one X chromosome, meaning that they are unable to hide the mutation and they become effected by the disease. Therefore if a male carries the gene, he is affected because he has no way of dominating the recessive gene, but if a female carries it, she is only a carrier and has a 50/50 chance of passing it on to her baby. This may seem like a high probability however, only one in every fifty thousand male births will have this immunodeficiency disease.
Examining the Crosses Between Drosophila Fruit Flies Introduction The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles.
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
The F2 punnett square shows that there should not be a female fly that has apterous wing mutation. Our observed experiment showed that female flies are capable of forming in the F2 Generation. Therefore, the mutation is located on autosomal chromosomes. In trial 1, the p value is not significant. This could be due to the fact that the male to female ratio in the F1 generation was unequal. In trial 2, the p value is significant and likely due to chance. The probability error is between 1 % and 5%.
“Mustang”, the highly expressive debut feature by the French-Turkish filmmaker, Deniz Gamze Erguven, was attractively executed through an unobtrusive direction and graceful acting. The screenplay, co-written by Erguven and Alice Winocour who directed the audacious “Augustine” three years ago, was pretty straightforward, depicting the lives of five teen orphaned sisters who are suddenly placed in the local ‘market’ by their grandmother and the uncle who raised them, awaiting the first chance to get married. The film starts on the last day of school in an ultra-conservative rural village of Turkey. The sisters are sad to say goodbye to their teacher who will be transferred to Istanbul the following year. The day is sunny and we can almost feel the scents
The idea of the project was to experiment breeding Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) to figure out if certain genes of that species were sex linked or not (autosomal). A mono-hybrid cross and di-hybrid cross was performed. For the mono-hybrid cross, white eyed female and red eyed male were placed in one vial for them to reproduce. For the di-hybrid cross, red eyed and normal winged flies and sepia eyed and vestigial winged flies were placed in their vial to reproduce. In the mono-hybrid cross the results expected were within a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Expected results similar to the expected desired null hypothesis proposed with what the F1 parental generation breeds. The potential results would have had to have been within the ratios of 9:3:3:1. The results were clear and allowed the null hypothesis to be correct. The white eyed gene in the fruit flies is sex linked. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings are not sex linked and are examples of independent assortment.
Mustang— a wild horse, symbolizes power, strength, glory, and so much more in this “transfixing, atmospheric, intimate drama” (Mustang). Mustang (2015) by French-Turkish film director Deniz Gamze Ergüven won the award for Best First Feature Film at the Cesar Awards. In the movie, five sisters who share a common passion for freedom find ways of getting around the constraints imposed on them. The narrator, who is also the youngest sister, Lale (Güneş Sensoy), takes charge with her dominant persona in finding an escape for her and her sisters. Based on Middle Eastern culture, these girls portray sisterhood and coming of age by communicating a strong message of women's empowerment and what it means to be a young female living in Turkey.
It really all started at the end of the first lap of 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix. Aryton Senna and Alain Prost were nearing the end of their first season driving together in the totally dominant Mclaren Honda team. All season long, the tension between these two great drivers had been building as the battle for the drivers crown intensified. But, even the most informed observer in Portugal could never have dreamt of what was about to be unleashed along with its impact on the consequences for Formula One.
...ary part in genotypes of potential interest that human geneticists breeders, as well as evolutionary geneticists are investigating. However, although we have the capability to unravel experiments that the founders of quantitative genetics would have never imagined, but their basic, un-computational machinery that they developed is most easily adaptable to the latest analyses that will be needed. We are far from ‘letting-go’ molecular biologists from the mathematical techniques/systems, because this age in respect to genomics has been forced into accepting gratitude due to the major importance of quantitative methods as opposed to the new molecular genetics. As geneticists tend to map molecular variation as well as genomic data, quantitative genetics will be moving to the front position because of its relevance in this age of rapid advancement in molecular genetics.