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Mining and its effects on the environment
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Metal industry is the base of any modern and civilized countries. The demand of metals is growing with the industrial development and advancement in the technology. Metals are extracted from ores, however, the ores usually contain a very small proportion of the targeted metal, e.g. 1~2% for copper and 0.05% for uranium(Hester et al., 1994). As a result, large amounts of impurities are separated during metal extraction. These impurities are waste and need to be safely disposed of. Mining and metal extraction procedures produce waste at different stages. Tailings are generated during preliminary stages of ore beneficiation, and hydrometallurgical wastes are generated during metal extraction.However, the composition of
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Click here to download Manuscript: Non-ferrous metal tailings in China present state anCdli cpke rhsepreec ttoiv veise-w20 l1in3k1e1d0 4R.deofecrences tailings may vary widely from site to site depending on the type of rock mined. In general ores of most of the heavy metals are sulphur-based minerals, therefore there are lots of non-ferrous metal, sulfide mineral, quartz, feldspar, mica and silicate minerals(TISATC, 2011) left in the tailings, with SiO2, CaO, MgO, A12O3, and Fe2O3 as the main chemical component(Sun et al.,2009; Wang et al., 2010).The presence of sulphur causes big problem when this waste comes in contact with air, water and moisture, which transforms sulphur in to sulphate in the series of reaction with due course of time, thereby making the waste acidic with the production of sulphuric acid(Markewitz et al., 2004).On the other hand, for the composition with sulfide mineral, the tailings may be one source of acidic wastewater(Zhao et al., 2011).The non-ferrous metals left in the tailings ar...
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...nsive utilization of iron ore tailings with optimum reaction parameters. Saxena et al.
(2006) investigated addition of copper tailing as an extender for development of paints, and experiments indicated that developed extender is environmentally clean and cost-effective.
While for these technologies, the reaction process was done in laboratories, without much consideration on economic benefits, and most of them may not or rarely be applied in practical production directly. Even though there are suggested advanced technologies, the companies are still reluctant to take part in the recovery in consideration of economic benefits, and they need some financial support, preferential policy and advanced technology transfer from the outside.
(2) Construction materials production
Use tailings for construction materials production, such as Cu, W, and Mo tailings can be made for
The purpose for this lab was to use aluminum from a soda can to form a chemical compound known as hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. In the lab aluminum waste were dissolved in KOH or potassium sulfide to form a complex alum. The solution was then filtered through gravity filtration to remove any solid material. 25 mLs of sulfuric acid was then added while gently boiling the solution resulting in crystals forming after cooling in an ice bath. The product was then collected and filter through vacuum filtration. Lastly, crystals were collected and weighed on a scale.
For example, gold mines could be found in places like Macedonia while copper mines could found on the islands of Delos or Eretria. Also, it is important to note that bronze is a mix of tin and copper so it can not be mined directly from the earth. These metals were primarily used for the production of arms and currency during this time period. These metals were often found through underground mining, also known as deep vein mining. This type of mining was tedious and could only be done through excavation and tunnel building. These tunnels eventually emptied into galleries where ore was obtained, washed and melted. There was often a “relay of miners carrying ore out on their shoulders” while other times wheeled carts were used. Another type of mining was surface mining where ore surfaced in streams or on the ground and collected. An example of surface mining is placer deposits where streams broke up the ore and the dense pieces would settle at the bottom. The Greeks were very intelligent and could tell the “affinity for one type of metal for another” or would follow the placer deposits to the source. Because of the presence of water previously, sometimes the mine was forced to be abandoned because of the lack of control of the water. The Romans attempted to counteract this by digging drainage adits to divert water and filtering the water by percolation. Slaves would often carry the water away with
Throughout this mining process, a byproduct is created called chat. The chat is leftover rock and waste from mining that did not contain the desired materials. The chat was left on the site because the Bureau of Indian Affairs thought it could be of value to the Quapaw tribe (1). This product contains high levels of toxic lead and other harmful chemicals. It is estimated that there are 75 million tons (150 billion pounds) of chat piles remaining exposed to the environment as well as numerous flotation ponds that haven’t been taken into account (4).
Aluminum is the most abundant metallic constituent in the crust of the earth; only the nonmetals oxygen and silicon are more abundant. Aluminum is never found as a free metal; commonly as aluminum silicate or as a silicate of aluminum mixed with other metals such as sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, and magnesium. These silicates are not useful ores, for it is chemically difficult, and therefore an expensive process, to extract aluminum from them. bauxite an impure h...
...ave many advantages. In conclusion, it seems that restrictions are that missing puzzle piece to welfare.
Open pit mining. It is also known as strip mining. It begins with the removal of soils on the surface and inefficient rock to get at the ore below. This is only possible in some cases, generally when the ore is less than 120 metres below the surface.
Mention 2 elements that can be isolated from the pitchblende and one uses of any of them?
Due to the natural processes of magma flow, hydrothermal gradients, sedimentation, and evaporation, minerals are concentrated in various areas of the Earth’s crust. Obtaining these minerals for human use involves four general steps. • Locating the minerals • Then, extracting the minerals from the Earth in the form of ore or rock Then, processing (smelting) the ore to separate the impurities from the desired mineral. Finally, creating a useful product from the minerals. Procedure 1.
...graphy." Mining Techniques of the Sierra Nevada and Gold Country. N.p., n.d. 16 May 2014. .
Removal/ wasting of activated sludge during this stage if the amount of activated sludge presence in excess.
It is most commonly associated with coal mining, especially with soft coal, coal that has high sulphur content. The pyrite that is present in coal seams will be accessible after surface mining when the overlying surfaces are removed or in deep mines that allow oxygen access to the previously inaccessible pyrite-containing coal (D.E.P. 1, 1997). The. After pyrite is exposed to air and water, sulphuric acid and iron hydroxide are formed, creating an acidic runoff (D.E.P. 1, 1997; 2, 2002). When the water comes into contact with the pyrite, the chemical reactions that take place causes the water to increase in pH, which will dissolve heavy metals which stay in solution.
pollutant before materials are used, removed the pollutant after it is formed, or altered the
To have a general understanding of the steelmaking process, it is best to understand the most common method of producing steel, the blast furnace. The blast furnace is a chemical process used to create iron from raw materials. Among the vast number of early metallurgical processes used throughout history, the blast furnace is still one of the most economical methods to produce iron. Iron ore, coke, and limestone are charged into the top of the furnace where numerous chemical processes take place. Hot blasts of air enter the bottom of the furnace through nozzles called tuyeres. Dirty gas travels out of the furnace through uptakes and then through a downcomer. Particles settle out in a dustcatcher and a scrubber removes fine particles. Clean gas can now be burned. Once the raw materials have smelted into molten pig iron, a drill breaks through the tap-hole and iron flows out into a trough. Slag is removed with a skimmer and processed for applications in concrete. Molten iron is collected in a ladle and transported for further production. The mud-gun fills the tap-hole with refractory clay and more materials are charged into the ...
Surface mining can lead to the drastic changes of landscapes, destruction of habitat, damages to water supplies, and air pollution. Also the loss or degradation of forest further degrades groundwater because coal seams are often serve as underground aquifers, removal of coal beds may result in drastic changes in hydrology after mining has been completed. Moreover, surface mining causes green house gas emission since mountaintop removal releases large amounts of carbon through clear cutting and burning of trees. Beside, liquid coal known as sludge is generated by washing coal. It is typically disposed of at impoundments located near coal mines, but in some cases it is directly injected into abandoned underground mines. Since coal sludge contains toxins, leaks or spills can endanger underground and surface waters. The coal mining activities have exposed rocks containing the sulphur-bearing mineral pyrite. Pyrite reacts with air and water to form sulphuric acid and dissolved iron, and as water washes through mines, this compound forms a dilute acid, which can wash into nearby rivers and streams called Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The transportation of coal is another issue because coal is often transported via trucks, railroads, and large cargo ships, which release air pollution such as soot and can lead to disasters that ruin the environment. (Environmental Impacts of
Mine Tailings. (2008). The University of Arizona Superfund Research Program (SBRP). Retrieved February 12, 2011, from http://superfund.pharmacy.arizona.edu/Mine_Tailings.php