CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of Site Layout Planning
The site layout in every construction sites requiring a good planning. A proper planned site layout would definitely reduce the cost and time for construction. Before planning, there are three issues needed to be considered. The first one is identify the temporary facilities needed to support the overall site operation and all the temporary facilities are not a part of the permanent structure. The next issue is to find out the shape and the physical dimensions of those facilities. Finally, those facilities should be positioned within the site boundaries or any remote areas (Tommelein et al., 1991).
We can classify the site layout problems into two different aspects - Static problems and Dynamic problems. According to Ning et al. (2010), a site layout planning without changing the available locations and the facilities in different stages of construction are classified as static problem. While for dynamic problems, it involves the changing of required facilities and the available locations in different construction stages, it is called dynamic problems.
According to Cheng and O’Connor, (1996) an efficient temporary site layout can optimize the following criteria: handling of materials and equipment, travel interference, the need of expansion and relocation, transportation and travel distance for materials and workers and finally the workforce travelling. There are many things we have to consider for the site layout and this is why the site layout with a good planning is needed.
Although there has no completely developed method to get the best solutions for site layout planning, every effort should be made to make the model as good as possible. There are 10 guid...
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... type of software like CPLEX, XPRESS, OSL and GUROBI that can used solve MIP problems but not limited to MIP problems.
LINGO is a simples and powerful software that can be used to solve MIP optimization problems. This software can handle tens of thousands of variables and constraints with up to few thousand integer variables (Schrage, 2006). Wong et al. (2010) and Easa and Hossain (2008) used this software to solve MIP problems to find the global optimal solution.
GUROBI is another type of solver that can deal with MIP problems. Hvattum et al. (2012) studied the performance of three different types of solvers, XPRESS, CPLEX and GUROBI in term of the time used to solve BMILP problems and concluded that GUROBI is the fastest solvers and give the optimal results while XPRESS used the longest time to obtain the solution and the solution is not as good as GUROBI did.
Six flags is a company that has 29 theme parks with a Chief Corporate Engineer, Larry Chickola. Larry overseas all the projects for the parks and has teams of engineers that help take care of technical issues and building and construction. All six flags projects have a comprehensive plan for completing the work in a timely fashion. They have written statements as to what work is to be done and dated schedules for completion. They also have to include tasks and sub tasks all being figured into the budget. There is a “work package,” which is a group of activities assigned to break down each task and sub task to fit these into manageable quotas. They feel this is the key to managing logistics.
Noori, S., Feylizadeh, M. R., Bagherpour, M., Zorriassatine, F., & Parkin, R. M. (2008). Optimization of material requirement planning by fuzzy multi-objective linear programming. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 222, 887-900. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195144743?accountid=32521
The aim of this TIRR is to provide a detailed technical design for the construction of the MGS facility so that the assigned Military Construction Force (MCF) is able to plan, resource and construct the proposed facility within given time.
JM2 Willis Athletic Facility: Engineer of record responsible for managing site design for a 1.56 acre proposed athletic facility located on the east side or SH-75 in Willis, Texas. This project included design of the site layout, drainage, detention, and water and sanitary sewer utilities for two athletic buildings. Due to site constraints the layout of the site included a straight wall detention pond as well as a private liftstation. (Design completed 2/2018)(Estimated Construction Cost:
Plug-in urban design is a category which usually focuses on the strategic building of infrastructure components in a city. Through the design, new infrastructure elements can be plugged into existing built-up areas in order to bind them into a unit and boost their amenity level. For instance, some streets, footpaths, city parks, exhibition grounds, or even mass transportation lines, can be added to the open space between the existing buildings. This design, thus, can be treated as an incentive for individual owner-builders or property developers to invest in new buildings. The cost of the new elements may be borne by the overall public or private project developer, as represented in the master layout plan for a site or by the developers of individual buildings.
The structural system, deriving from the I.B.M. Building in Seattle, is impressively simple. The 208-foot wide facade is, in effect, a prefabricated steel lattice, with columns on 39-inch centres acting as wind bracing to resist all overturning forces; the central core takes only the gravity loads of the building. A very light, economical structure results by keeping the wind bracing in the most efficient place, the outside surface of the building, thus not transferring the forces through the floor membrane to the core, as in most curtain-wall structures. Office spaces will have no interior columns. In the upper floors there is as much as 40,000 square feet of office space per floor. The floor construction is of prefabricated trussed steel, only 33 inches in depth, that spans the full 60 feet to the core, and also acts as a diaphragm to stiffen the outside wall against lateral buckling forces from wind-load pressures.
When starting construction on a new building, there are plenty of things that can and will go wrong. You will start to lay out the plumbing and find that it clashes with a wall or beam that cannot be moved. To finish your project, you must take more time and more money to adjust to the new layout. Another scenario is the owners won’t let you start construction because they can’t see the end result or where the specific design implements that had asked for are located. For the past few decades the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry has been looking for a solution to this problem. Projects would be set back due to design oversights. Without anything to predict these problems before they happen, these little setbacks were a common occurrence. Once building information modeling (BIM) was born, it was like their prayers had been answered. The future was here.
The first step to development is to survey the property in order to document and draw the bounds and land surface shapes. The property will be represented by various geometry elements such as points, lines, arcs, circles, and other defined geometry shapes. Surveyors use scope on tripods witch use projection of line Referenced point on a stick in order to measure the variations of the heights on the ground. This tool uses various angel theorems and postulates to find location of property boundaries, property corners, utilities and building layouts on the property. The surveyor uses the data collected to draw the property layout on a 36”x 24”sheet of paper.
According to the complexities involved in the problem, and methodologies used for solving the problems, planning problems can be categorized into three categories, Tame problems, Wicked problems and Super wicked problems.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Practical research: Planning and design (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
...N. J., Mumayiz, S. A., & Wright, P. H. (2011). Airport engineering: planning, design, and development of 21st-century airports (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJR3c4HZ1uMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=airport+engineering&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4O9uT82dIoP_8QOvys2_DQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=airport%20engineering&f=false
When talking about the creation and operation of Semipalatinsk Test Site, we can envisage the problem from several angles.
The physical side and the financial side have to work in a open exchange of information. The synergy of this project before it ever starts construction must come from the cooperation and adjustments made by both sides to create the best development. The physical side must take into account several things with the environmental sector. How can this site be used? What amenities or attractions can I draw from the existing environment? How can I improve the existing environment to create a more valuable development? The urban linkage must take into consideration how they are going to create their link to the surrounding environment and/or city.
Architectural design today has moved from designing by hand to designing with several different software programs that have made the job much easier. Two of the main programs in many architectural firms today are AutoCAD2000 and ArchiCAD 6.5. Both are very productive design tools but each has its own defects in certain areas of the design process.