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Developmental psychology and attachment
Role of attachment during infancy
Attachment developmental psychology
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Dysregulation.
The developing infant is most vulnerable to negative environmental conditions, during periods of rapid brain growth. During these periods of genetically overdriven synaptogenesis and subsequent environmental pruning, the infant is exquisitely sensitive to frequent limbic, cortical, and subcortical dysregulation of its homeostatic, self-regulatory, and attachment systems (A. N. Schore, 2002). Constant exposure to an excessively misattuned primary caregiver, who triggers but does not repair long lasting intensely dysregulated states, leads to regulatory failure. The resultant impairment of autonomic homeostasis, limbic dysregulation, and disturbances in hypothalamic and reticular formation function (A. N. Schore, 2002, p.18),
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N. Schore, 2014). Attachment theory, when viewed through the lens of affect, and affect-regulation, becomes a pragmatic framework for models of both psychopathogenesis, and the mechanism of change in psychotherapy (Schore 2001, 2002). The clinical implications of contemporary attachment theory have been widely articulated, relating early attachment to the neurobiology of both optimal and pathological emotional development, and to the psychopathogenesis of personality disorders (Schore 2001, 2002). Scientific consensus now exists, that “deficits in right brain relational processes” and subsequent affect dysregulation “underlie all psychological and psychiatric disorders”. (A. N. Schore, 2014, p. …show more content…
The reciprocal activation of right brain processes on both sides of the therapeutic alliance are the essential mechanism of change. This mechanism may be described as an unspoken right-brain to right-brain implicit dialogue that takes place between patient and therapist. Beneath the words, a nonconscious nonverbal communication of affective driven, bodily-based relational information conveys the inner world of the patient (and therapist). Using the term “intersubjectivity” Schore (2014, p. 390) describes this relational phenomenon of the therapeutic alliance as rapid communications between the right lateralized emotional brains of both therapeutic alliance members, allowing moment to moment state-sharing at a nonconscious, affective level. Schore (2014), concluding intersubjectivity is best described as a co-created, organized, dynamically changing dialogue of mutual influence, paints the following clinical
Fosha’s development of the affective model of change began with the observation that affect has enormous transformative power. Unlike other agents of change that are often slow and cumulative, affect can result in intense change very rapidly. The primary goal of the affective model of change is to identify, make sense of, and utilize its power in the context of a therapeutic relationship. This relational feature of the affective model of change draws heavily from literature on attachment, and the notion that our early attachment styles pervade our way of relating to the world as adults. Fosha argues that by synergistically linking emotion and attachment, the transformative power of affect can be harnessed in the relational process of psychotherapy and utilized in a manner that results in lasting therapeutic change.
Attachment theory has had an immense influence on Emotion-focused therapy’s understanding of the nature of close relationships (Gurman, 2008). Attachment theory suggests that the earliest childhood experiences with parents or primary caregiver...
Stickley, T. & Freshwater, D. (2006). “The Art of Listening to the Therapeutic Relationship” Journal of Mental health Practice. 9 (5) pp12 - 18.
Strodl, E., & Noller, P. (2003). The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia. Personal Relationships, 10(2), 171-186. doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00044
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., & Glover, V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3/4), 245-261.
The first stage of the cycle is the man experiences rejection by his current partner. The past experience of rejection by the man's previous attachment relationships will be able to detonate by contact with his current partner's behaviour of rejection. Brown et al. (2010) pointed out that previous experiences of rejection weaken a man's ability to cope with present rejection. Such experiences include excessive rejection, punishment, neglect and abandonment. According to Bowlby's attachment research (as cited in Bretherton, 1992, p. 769), repeated threats of rejection may lead to excessive separation anxiety. Thus, an anxiously attached man tends to be the one being rejected or abandoned several times by parents or previous partner in his past life experience. Substantial research has been carried out which indicated a link between attachment style and man's abusive behaviour (Brown et al., 2010). Other than that, a man received excessive punishment during their childhood is more likely a troublesome individual (Fergusson & Lynskey, 1997). Therefore, when a m...
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P.R. (1999). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: The Guilford Press.
When humans are born, they are born to be completely dependent for survival on those who surround them being as people have the capacity to adapt and thrive in different environments in the world, primarily because of the brain’s fascinating ability to develop connections and shape itself from details of life’s experiences as they grow, but there are conditions which people may develop at any age which may affect the many functions, such as memory, emotion, and character, of the brain (Eagleman 5, 6).
As billions of neural networks begin to form connections and patterns that will allow the child to important functions of the brain, a process called synaptic pruning gradually weakens or shuts down unutilized neural pathways (Myers & DeWall, 2016). In relation to this notion, childhood encompasses a period where early stimulation is crucial for normal learning behaviors and cognitive brain development (Myers & DeWall, 2016). It is suggested that there be a myriad of engaging stimuli for children before they surpass the critical period at adolescence, so as to avoid the pruning of neural pathways essential to leading a normal and fulfilled life. Such stimuli may include experiences of sounds, sights, and tastes, while premature babies have shown rapid neurological development when provided with skin-to-skin contact with their mothers (Myers & DeWall, 2016). Similarly, a suggestion for parents when handling their infant is to establish familiarity and body contact in order to promote secure parental attachment. Corresponding to the importance of stimuli in a child’s cognitive growth, these aspects of human attachment are highly critical to an infant’s social development as well. In order to promote a secure attachment style, a child must be familiarized with their caregiver through sight, sense, and sound and must be handled for emotional and
Norton, J. (2003). The Limitations of Attachment Theory for Adult Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in Australia, 10(1), 58-63.
To be faced with this type of experiences is why development of good emotional self-regulation and secure attachments is important for children to learn and important for adults to practice. According to Santrock, children are faced with emotions that range from anger and frustration to joy and excitement that starts in infancy where emotions are rooted in the more primitive area of the brain, the limbic system. As the child grows and learns through experiences such as social referencing, changes in their brain will help in gaining better control of their “mood swings” (Santrock, 2013). In studying child development, self-regulation and secure attachments factor into the child’s overall health, physical and emotional well-being, and cont...
Reactive Attachment Disorder is a common infancy/early childhood disorder. Reactive attachment disorder is located under the trauma- and stressors-related disorder section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Fifth Edition. It is normally diagnosed when an infant or child experience expresses a minimal attachment to a figure for nurturance, comfort, support, and protection. Although children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder have the ability to select their attachment figure, they fail to show behavioral manifestation because they had limited access during the early developmental stage. Some disturbed behaviors include diminished or absence of positive emotions toward caregiver. In addition, children with reactive attachment disorder have a tendency to have episodes of negative emotions including a period of fear, sadness, and irritability that cannot be explained. According to the DSM-5 (2013), reactive attachment disorder impairs children’s ability to relate on a personal level with adults or peers along with many other functional impairment in several domains during early childhood. The clinical disorder is likely to manifest in a child between the ages of nine months and five years (p. 267).
When trying to understand the significance of therapist’s tears in a clinical setting, researchers are often faced with the question, “Are therapist’s tears helpful or harmful?” Much of the literature that is associated with therapists crying in therapy agrees that therapists’ tears can display empathy and strengthen the therapeutic alliance (Blume-Marcovici, Stolberg, & Khademi, 2013). On the other hand, research also indicates that therapists’ tears can create role-reversal in...
Studies about early childhood development indicate that the brain develops in response to experiences with caregivers, family and the community, and that its development is directly linked to the quality and quantity of those experiences. Meeting a child’s needs during these early stages creates emotional stability and security that is needed for healthy brain development. Repeated exposure to stressful events can affect the brain’s stress response, making it more reactive and less adaptive. With time a child may react as if danger is always present in their environment regardless of what the presenting situation actually
In modern society, we are faced with an increased demand for college graduates with a variety of skills. In order to meet the demands of an ever changing job market, we must be skilled in subjects such as math, reading and science. One subject that needs to be addressed is math. We use arithmetic to calculate numbers, exchange money and understand math concepts. That is why it is imperative that educators reach out to students with Dyscalculia with strategies, such as explicit instruction to help students overcome their problems in math. I will examine dyscalculia, its effect on the individual’s education and interventional approaches used to mitigate its effects.