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Recommended: Essay on epigenetics
Epigenetics The term epigenetics, derived from the Greek word ―epigenesis‖ which means the influence of genetic processes on development22 . It is the study of potentially heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetics in turn affects how cells read the genes. Epigenetic change is a regular and natural occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state. The word ―program‖ demonstrates the notion that the environmental stimuli received during critical periods of early fetal development can generate permanent changes in body structure and function, ultimately affecting the homeostasis …show more content…
Lifestyle of both the partner before conception and after conception has effect on growing embryo. CONCLUSION Developing organisms have a wide range of susceptibility to epigenetic changes. Inapt setting up of epigenetic alterations during critical developmental periods due to changes in the maternal diet or other environmental factors may induce paediatric developmental diseases and even affect health in adulthood. Epigenomic state of a gene can be established through behavioural and Nutritional programming and it is potentially reversible. Unlike genetic mutations (irreversible) epigenetic changes are inherently reversible. Drugs and diets have the potential to restore normal epigenetic status and research suggests that diseases caused by epigenetic aberrations may be treatable and preventable. By adopting the rules of Garbha samskara epigenetic programming is possible in order to have a healthy progeny. Appropriate dynamics in epigenetic modifications are possible with help of Garbha Samskara. Further research is needed for better understanding of the interplay between genetic and epigenetic interaction in critical time windows of development and its effect on susceptibility of individual to a wide range of
Bullying is a serious issue that can occur to various people of different age and background. It is considered a serious problem because of the long lasting health problems that comes with it. The many effects of bullying such as, depression and alcoholism can cause changes in our genes which can possibly be passed on to the future generations. In Sharon Moalem’s essay “Changing Our Genes: How Trauma, Bullying, and Royal Jelly Alter Our Genetic Destiny” he discussed about the effects of bullying on the victims and how it causes gene changes. It is important to know how to prevent bullying as the effects can influence a person mentally and genetically which can be passed on to future generations later on.
Histone modification may or may not be dependent on DNA methylation and is difficult to detect compared to LOH.
Trisomy 13 or Patau Syndrome” Trisomy 13 is a genetic disorder found in babies. It is also called Patau syndrome in honor of the physician who first described it, Krause Palau. Trisomy 13 is a genetic disorder in which there is three copies of chromosomes on Chromosome 13. Patau first described the syndrome and its involvement with trisomy in 1960. It is sometimes called Bartholin-Patau syndrome, named in part for Thomas Bartholin, a French physician who described an infant with the syndrome in 1656.
Hall, Linley Erin. “Understanding Genetics DNA and RNA.” New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2011. Print. 01 Apr. 2014.
DNA methylation primarily occurs within sites in the DNA sequence known as CpG dinucleotides, which is a 2 base pair sequence involving a Cytosine bonded to a Guanine by a phosphodiester bond.
This paper focuses on the benefits of stem cell research in the medical and nursing field. New technology is always being created to help us understand the way the human body works, as well as ways to help us improve diseased states in the body. Our bodies have the ability to proliferate or regrow cells when damage is done to the cells. Take for example the skin, when an abrasion or puncture to the skin causes loss of our skin cells, the body has its own way of causing those cells to regrow. The liver, bone marrow, heart, brain, and muscle all have cells that are capable of differentiating into cells of that same type. These are called stem cells, and are a new medical tool that is helping regrow vital organs in our body to help us survive. Stem cells can come from adult cells, or the blastocyst of the embryo. The cells that come from these are undifferentiated, and can be specialized into certain cell types, making them available for many damaged tissues in the body. While using stem cells in the body is a main use, they are also being used to help doctors understand how disease processes start. By culturing these cells in the lab and watching them develop into muscles, nerve cells, or other tissues, researchers are able to see how diseases affect these cells and possibly discover ways to correct these diseases. While researchers have come very far in using stem cells, there are still many controversies to overcome when using these cells.
A major mechanism in epigenetics is DNA methylation. DNA methylation occurs in two mechanisms and is the addition of a methyl (-CH₃) group through a covalent bond to a cytosine side chain. DNA methylation is catalysed by a group of enzymes called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNMT adds methyl groups to cytosine residues. Cytosines have to be immediately followed by a Guanine In order to be methylated, these are called CpG dinucleotides. Around 70% of these dinucleotides get methylated whilst the rest are in clusters called CpG islands. There are two typ...
“Accumulation of histone repeat transcripts in the sea urchin egg pronucleus”, Venezsky et al. Cell. 24(2):385-391.
Epigenetics also can be responsible for changes of histone, the main protein component of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and protein to make the nucleus of a cell.
Gene therapy focuses on the replacement of defective genes with modified functioning genes. Many diseases are caused by a defective gene meaning the body is incapable of producing essential proteins or enzymes. In its simplest form, gene therapy aims to identify the defective gene and fix this gene with the replacement of a normal gene (Senn).
Inheritance, by Sharon Moalem, is a nonfiction novel that elaborates on what makes us who we are and why. Moalem states that even before we are born, our genes set up determines our lives. Our genes are adaptable sequences that can be altered by instances of trauma, simple dietary change, or just a small indiscretion. Through our experiences, our genes are changing and consequently limiting us. We have an unwavering predictable matter of the genes we have inherited from previous generations. Our future children could inherit many of our specific genes, good or bad. Even if our inherited
For decades, biologists have been using stem cells to figure out possible cures for different diseases and even prevent them. Stem cells are cells that can become useable in certain tissues in the body (according to an infant), or tissue cells that are already found in blood, bones, the brain, and skin (in adults or children). Stem cells are being used for patients with lymphoma (begins in the immune system), leukemia (cancer of white blood cells), and other types of blood disorders.
The diversity and the unity of life are equally meaningful and striking aspects of our Earth (Dobzhansky, 1973). Although an astounding 1.2 million species have already been identified, it is estimated that another 8.7 million are yet to be discovered and classified (Mora et al., 2011). By understanding what unifies us –our genes, our understanding of the organisms we share our planet with will continue to grow.
There is no surprise that food is important in all aspects of our lives—it is shared amongst families, celebrated as a major part of our culture, and crucial to our daily routine that keeps us fit, healthy, and active. Today’s western culture glorifies a skewed perspective on how food is supposed to fit into our lives. Somehow this perception has led us to believe we no longer have the time or money it takes to prepare a wholesome, healthy meal that is shared at the dinner table with family. Instead, we are trained to want a meal that is fast, cheap, and easy. This meal is usually highly processed and filled with sugars and fats. This has led us to a problem of epidemic proportions characterized by the rapid increase in obesity and diabetes.
Genetic modification is currently at the forefront of modern science and is being utilised in various fields such as medicine, agriculture and industry. Genetically Modified or transgenic organisms are organisms that have been genetically altered in a specific way for a particular purpose. It is now possible for scientists to exchange genes from one species of organism to another. This process is performed when certain characteristics of one organism are desired in another organism of a different species. For example a pig could be genetically engineered so that it will produce human insulin for those suffering from diabetes. Also, it is seen that it could be possible to cure certain allergies or diseases by replacing the genes responsible for causing the allergy or disease in one organism with that of a gene belonging to an organism that has a resistance to the specific allergen.