EPICUREANISM
SUBMITTED BY:
ASHUTOSH GUPTA
(2014139)
2ND SEMESTER #image taken from net
If we talk in strict sense then, Epicureanism is the philosophy taught by Epicureus (341-270 B.C.). Epicureanism is a form of hedonism. Hedonism as we all know states that good equal pleasure. This expression means something that gives us pleasure should be practiced and enjoyed. But here comes the difference. Epicureans believed that we should seek pleasure in moderation and must not overdo pleasures. If we practice pleasures in excess, then it may lead to sickness and shortening of lives of people. People always criticize Epicurus for offering a hypochondriac view of pleasure i.e. if you overdo pleasures you would fall sick or even may die.
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They believed that God existed, but it shows no interest in human affairs. There are no absolutes in Epicureanism. Epicureanism argues that people have free will, rationality and they can chose independently what sort of life they want to lead. However, some choices would definitely better than others. Humans like all the animals of the ecosystem should try to seek pleasure and avoid pain. But since we are rational beings we should try to pursue pleasure as rationally and as intelligently as possible.
Epicurus said that, for each of our actions, we should first consider the pleasures it would give us and the pains it would lead to and then measure the net outcome. For example some activities like drinking alcohol in excess amount lead to short term boost in pleasure but ultimately lead to great pains in the form of sick bodies, hangovers and broken relationships. Epicureanism also argues that we should limit our desires to what is necessary and easy to
Hedonism is a theory of morality. There are several popular philosophers who support hedonism; some of whom offer their own interpretation of the theory. This paper will focus on the Epicurean view. Epicurus, a Greek philosophers born in 341 B.C., generated a significant measure of controversy amongst laymen and philosophical circles in regards to his view of the good life. Philosophers whom teachings predate Epicurus’ tended to focus on the question of “How can human beings live a good, morally sound, life?” Epicurus ruffled feathers and ultimately expanded the scope of philosophy by asking “What makes people happy?”
The definition of an epic hero can be defined as one who is triumphant in some manner that reflects the idea of his/her culture. “Heroes have always dominated mythology, fairy tales, nursery rhymes, history, and literature. No culture seems to lack tales of human, superhuman, or god-like heroes who save the innocent from the wicked, conquer evil, and deliver the threatened and oppressed” (Shunnaq). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali and The Odyssey can be compared and contrasted in different ways. Both of these literary pieces are epics that contain heroes who precisely mirror the values of their respective ethnicities. While some values displayed in the epics are similar to each other, there are also disagreeing values between the two pieces of literature. Based on the examples from Nian’s Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali and Homer’s The Odyssey, the similarities and differences can easily be identified by one.
Scholars studying Hellenistic ethics focus on four main chairs of philosophy in Athens that were endowed in 176 CE by Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius: Plantonism, Aristotelianism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism. The expansion, admiration and assimilation of Greek culture and language, known as Hellenism, also contributed to the philosophy that continued in Ancient Rome. One school in particular, Stoicism, flourished in the Roman world (Sellars, 2). Understanding the foundations of Stoicism is an important topic in philosophy due to many misconceptions of what it means to embrace a Stoic lifestyle. These misconceptions stem from the lack of understanding that scholars have about early stoic writings. Almost none of the works by early stoics remain. Scholars mainly analyze quotes and summaries by the successors of the original founder.
An epic is a long narrative poem on a serious subject. It usually is about
Their society revolved around fear, a fear of god. They feared very much what god would do with them once their time one earth was at an end. They justified the entire unknown with their beliefs of god. If they had bad luck or encounters with natural disasters, they thought god was punishing them.
Stoicism is a philosophical school of thought that asserts virtue as the one true good that can produce eudemonia, the Stoic term for happiness or living well. This good is accessible to all, by means of using impressions properly and behaving in accordance with god and nature. Virtue is a good achieved through both internal and external sources. The Stoics associated virtue with the venerated status of sage, which can be achieved only when the soul is unwaveringly consistent with true human nature. But what is human nature? Unlike many philosophical theories that focus on the role of emotions in human nature, the Stoics thought human nature to be closely tied to rationality. The Stoics believed that it was human nature to seek out good and happiness, and that all wrong choices are made in the pursuit or avoidance of a wrongfully perceived value. These errors in rationale and perception contribute to the formation of false beliefs, which causes non-virtuous or vicious behavior. Determinism, or the acceptance of living in accord with events outside of our control is a key feature of Stoic theory. This strict determinism allows Stoics to distance themselves from encumbering emotional reactions that are often associated with negative or positive outcomes. A stoic would attempt to dissuade a non-sage from engaging in emotions because they lack the capacity of assenting strictly to kataleptic impressions because emotions negatively effect their beliefs. In order to behave in accordance with this logic it requires a rejection of common emotions. Ordinary emotions such as pleasure and fear are considered false impression, which contribute to a bad mental state. In order to avoid assenting to false impressions one must gain a rational und...
The Stoic and Epicurean philosophies both made major impacts on all of Greek and Roman thought, although they were very different. Epicureans solely endeavored to obtain pleasure. They also believed that the world was filled solely of atoms and the void in which they are surrounded. They thought that life ended after death, with no afterlife or god to fear. Stoics on the contrary were indifferent to all types of pleasure, often putting themselves in danger for their beliefs. Stoics lived according to nature claiming that it was in conformity with the divine order of the universe. Epicurean philosophy defined the time in which it was created, where life was thought only to be full of pleasure without any fear punishment in any life after death, while Stoic philosophy went against the normal desires of humans to seek pleasure.
One day, a male student decides to hang out with his friends and in the middle of the night they decided to snort some cocaine and ask if he wanted to do some lines with them. So he thought of a quote from one of his favorite philosopher Epicurus saying, “comparative measurement and an examination of the advantages and disadvantages” (130). Then he started to think out his advantages and disadvantages. If the student chooses to snort the cocaine he would receive great pleasure when the drugs start to affect him. But afterward the side effect of the drug will give him an addiction to it and if he does to much of it can possibly kill him. The addiction would probably make him waste money or beg people that he would do anything with his body for some of the drug. To him snorting the cocaine has more disadvantages than there are advantages. So in the end the male student decided not to snort the drugs with his friends and not associate with them anymore. This example is also a pleasure that should not be fulfilled because it has too many disadvantages and is not worth to pain to achieve
As a worldview, Stoicism is a philosophical approach to help people to cope with times of great stress and troubles. In order to give comfort to humanity, the Stoics agree with the Pantheistic view that God and nature are not separate. Instead, the two forces are one. By believing that God is nature, humans have a sense of security because nature, like God, is recognized as rational and perfect. The perfection of nature is explained through the Divine, or natural, Law. This law gives everything in nature a predetermined plan that defines the future based on past evens (cause and effect). Because the goal for everything in nature is to fulfill its plan, the reason for all that happens in nature is because it is a part of the plan. It is apparent that, because this law is of God, it must be good. The Divine Law is also universal. Everything on the planet has a plan that has already been determined. There are no exceptions or limitations to the natural law. The world in the Stoics’ eyes is flawless, equal, and rational.
In his Confessions, Saint Augustine warns against the many pleasures of life. "Day after day," he observes, "without ceasing these temptations put us to the test" (245).[1] He argues that a man can become happy only by resisting worldly pleasures. But according to Aristotle, virtue and happiness depend on achieving the "moral mean" in all facets of life. If we accept Aristotle's ideal of a balanced life, we are forced to view Saint Augustine's denial of temptations from a different perspective. His avoidance of worldly pleasures is an excess of self-restraint that keeps him from the moral mean between pleasure and self-restraint. In this view, he is sacrificing balance for excess, and is no different from a drunkard who cannot moderate his desire for alcohol.
In Chapter 2, What Utilitarianism is, Mill presents the aforesaid definition of Utilitarianism as the criterion of an action to be right or wrong. We have seen that Utilitarianism puts great emphasis on happiness. »By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure.«3 The fact that pleasure is the only good for Mill makes his Utilitarianism a form of Hedonism which is most associated with the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus who claims that »Pleasure is our first and kindred good.«4 The difference to Epicurus’ Hedonism, however, is that »the happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not the agent’s own happiness, but that of all concerned.«5
Hedonism, the Greek philosophic belief of the desire to pursue ‘the good life’ through seeking gre...
An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero. The main characteristics of an epic as a literary genre is that it is a long poem that tells a story, it contains an epic hero, its hero searches for immortality (but doesn't find it physically, only through fame), gods or other supernatural beings are interested and involved, and it delivers an historical message. The Epic of Gilgamesh is classified as an epic because it fits all the characteristics of an epic as a literary genre.
Epicurus is typically portrayed as a hedonist, as his teaching centres on
When talking about pleasure there needs to be a distinction between the quality and the quantity. While having many different kinds of pleasures can be considered a good thing, one is more likely to favor quality over quantity. With this distinction in mind, one is more able to quantify their pleasures as higher or lesser pleasures by ascertaining the quality of them. This facilitates the ability to achieve the fundamental moral value that is happiness. In his book Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill offers a defining of utility as pleasure or the absence of pain in addition to the Utility Principle, where “Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (Mill 7). Through this principle, Mill emphasizes that it is not enough to show that happiness is an end in itself. Mill’s hedonistic view is one in support of the claim that every human action is motivated by or ought to be motivated by the pursuit of pleasure.