Introduction
Bostrichid beetles are generally wood and twig borers, but species in three genera Prostephanus truncatus (Horn), Dinoderus bifoveolatus (Wollaston), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), have become facultatively associated with stored cereals, dried starchy tubers, and milled products. In West Africa, Dinoderus bifoveolatus may be found infesting dried cassava chips (Borgemeister et al, 2000). P. truncatus is widely distributed in México and Central America while Rhyzopertha dominica is a pest of stored wheat and other small grains worldwide (reviewed in Edde and Phillips 2006). Large aggregations of both sexes may form in stored products bostrichid pests in response to pheromones from signaling individuals, usually males (Borgemeister et al, 2000, Hodges 2002, Khorramshahi and Burkholder, 1981).
R. dominica aggregation pheromones were identified as (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, commonly called Dominicalure-1 (DL-1) and Dominicalure-2 (DL-2), respectively (Williams et al., 1981; Khorramshahi and Burkholder, 1981). These male-produced pheromones are only released during feeding and volatile emissions from other insect or plant species are not known to contain DL-1 or DL-2. Field tests with synthetic dominicalure conducted in or near grain storages (Cogburn et. al. 1984, Leo-Martinez et al 1987) and in olfactometer experiments (Khorramshahi and Burkholder, 1981, Dowdy 1993) showed that there was no difference in responses by the beetles to the two compounds, individually and in combination. Captured R. dominica was female-biased in olfactometer studies or in aerial traps baited with mixtures of the two compounds (e.g. Bashir et al 2001, Edde et ...
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...imilar behavioral responses on both sexes of the beetle, but attractions increased with dosage (ref), indicating that these pheromones are behaviorally redundant, i.e. each functions as a fail-safe insurance for the other. Hence, males of this species produce two aggregation pheromones. The logical problem with the assumption of a single multi-component pheromone, and thus referring to each separate chemical as a “pheromone component”, as entomologists believed, is that there are several examples in which a host plant volatile is a synergist to insect produced pheromones. The insect produced compounds, pheromones, are only active against members of the insect species, but the required plant volatile cannot be called a pheromone since it is an interspecific semiochemical, and thus is a kairomone. These definitions have been discussed by Nordlund and Lewis (1981).
Stevenson PA, Hofmann HA, Schoch K, Schildberger K. 2000. The fight and flight responses of crickets depleted of biogenic amines. Journal of Neurobiology 43:107-120.
The boll weevil’s primary food source are cotton plants, a crop that covered the southern plantations at the time. In the spring, when they emerge from hibernation, they puncture the cotton buds and lay their eggs inside ("What is a Boll Weevil?"). After about four days, the larvae are born. This is where most of the damage occurs. The larvae eat and destroy the cotton fibers("What is a Boll Weevil?"). The plant is plagued by these insects; they eat them until the cotton plant’s eventual death. The boll weevil season allows for man...
Background Information: Pillbugs are terrestrial Isopods which belong to the Class Crustacea. Appearance: flattened or rounded back, seven pairs of legs, sharp – angled antennae. Pillbugs have a set of overlapping gills on their underside. There are 12 different species of pillbugs found in the northern and central United States. However, there are nearly 4000 described species of pillbugs. They are fund in humid areas, compost piles, and leaf litter. They feed on dead vegetation such as wood and leaf litter. They cannot survive below -6.0 C, so they burrow 60 cm below the ground surface to reach safe temperatures. They reproduce during the months of May through September. If the pillbugs are irritated they will frequently exude a thick glue which serves to entangle predators, such as ground beetles, centipedes, and spiders.
The Cockroach (Blaptica Dubai) was obtained from the laboratory personnel at UNM. The cricket (Acheta domesticus) was purchased from a pet store in Albuquerque called Clark’s Emporium. The cockroach was raised in an opaque plastic box that contained egg shell cartons. The roaches were in a room temperature environment. Every day they were fed dog food, vegetables and provided with adequate amounts of water provided by polysaccharide water crystals. The Cricket was maintained in a glass tank with eggshell cartons at room temperature. They were fed “Total Bites” once a day. Total Bites are gel food that provided them with both nutrients and water.
In summary, pheromones are chemical signals elicited by an individual species in order to communicate with the other members of the group. There are two distinct types of pheromones mainly releaser pheromones and primer pheromones. Releaser pheromones elicit a quick response. Chemically, releaser pheromones are of three types such as sex pheromones which signal for mating, alarm pheromone which plays a role in warning the other members of the species of danger and recruitment pheromones an example of such pheromone is the trail pheromone wherein it is use as a navigational aid for the colony. Primer pheromones on the other hand induce a delayed response.
...l, Ted E., and Bruce W. Wood. "Movement of adult pecan weevils Curculio caryae within pecan orchards." Agricultural & Forest Entomology 10, no. 4 (November 2008): 363-373. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 18, 2012).
As useful as their tongue is for collecting nectar it is useless in capturing insects hidden inside flowers, even though insects do provide most of the protein...
Forensic entomology can be broken down into three areas: medico-legal, urban, and stored product pests. Urban entomology involves insects that affect houses, buildings, and other human based environments. Stored pest entomology involves insects infesting stored goods such as food and clothing. In this paper, medico-legal entomology will be the focus as it is the type of entomology that entomologists use to utilize insects to solve criminal cases, (Houck and Siegel. Entomology).
For the purpose of this assignment the experience of attending Electro-Convulsive Therapy will be discussed. It will include rationale for the procedure, an account of the procedure and the student nurses reflection on the experience using Gibbs’ model of reflection (Jasper 2003). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment for severe mental illness in which a small, carefully controlled amount of electricity is introduced into the brain. This electrical stimulation, used in conjunction with anaesthesia and muscle relaxant medications, produces a mild generalised seizure or convulsion (Mankad et al 2010).
Market Line. India Country Profile: Pest Analysis. Data Monitor. 2012. The.
James H. Tumlinson, W. Joe Lewis, and Louise E. M. Vet. 1993. How parasitic wasps find their hosts. Scientific American, March, pp. 100-106.
Now I know the thought of eating a bowl of insects for your lunch does not appeal to the most part of the UK. But without these changes in the future our eco system may not be able to support itself, and that is a severely disconcerting thought. Although we may be quite far away from this change, we must start the gradual progression into trying new and exotic foods to ease the country into this lifestyle. Besides, I hear they are quite tasty.
Deilephila elpenor moths were trained to associate a sugar reward with a color, either blue or yellow by feeding from colored artificial flowers at a light intensity equivalent to late dusk.
Insect pollination as we all know, is the process that enables reproduction and fertilization by the transfer of pollen performed by insects. Insects are some of the oldest pollinators of plants. Pollinating insects date back to 140 million years ago. Since then, due to how effective insect pollinators are, these flowering plants have become the major group of terrestrial vascular plants. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, have imperative roles within our ecosystems, both natural and agricultural. For instance, insects provide food, fiber and shelter for wildlife and humankind alike (2007). It is commonly know that in humans, high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with decreased risk of chronic disease (Calderone 2012). Aside from these important roles, plants have also been considered as a viable option for fuel sources (Calderone 2012). There are around 300,00 species of flowering plants in the world and without pollination, the reproductive process would be very difficult since pollination causes the production of seeds (Calderone 2012). Of the 300,000 plant species worldwide, a little over 3,000 of these plants have been used as a source of food. Close to 300 of these species are grown around the world today and only 12 of these plants make up about 90 percent of the food sources in our world. These 12 include the grains...
making them less prone to attack by fungi and insects. The use of sex pheromones