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Disadvantages of privatization
Disadvantages of privatization
Disadvantages of privatization
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Effects of Downsizing
Downsizing has been known by several different names, in the late 1970's and the early 1980's it was called reduction-in-force, as of late it has been called restructuring government, privatization, contracting out and last but not least downsizing. "In the public sector it is called "privatization". In business it is called "downsizing. Otherwise it's known as "contracting out." Code words change but the intent is the same." (DIAF 99) Public governments seem to think that using Downsizing, privatization or contracting out are the best ways to balance or cut money from the budget. In actuality the worker is being hurt in his economic pocket. Downsizing, privatization, and contracting out have caused the workers and the government to become distant team players with no common goal in sight. In fact, there has been an increase in the disparity between the two. An alarming fact is that there is no legislation or policies in place that protects the worker when any of the above occurs.
Downsizing in public governments has become a means to an end. Instead of finding alternative ways to cut the budget, positions or jobs are the first to be eliminated. In his bid for election, President Clinton promised to reduce the size of the government workforce. "As the 20th century draws to a close, Washington has been the focus of intense government downsizing effort." (Goldenkoff 1997) Since the early 1980's, downsizing has made government clearly the winner and the workers the losers in this game. This happens because in life, as in most things, someone must win and someone must lose. If numbers were the only thing effected you would be led to believe that cutting jobs or displacing workers were successful methods f...
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...has to win and some one has to lose.
Work Cited
Abstracts of GAO Reports and Testimony, FY96 http:www.gao.gov/AindexFY96/
Goldenkoff, Robert. "Report Card on Downsizing" Government Executive Magazine
(February 1997)
Hoffman, Lowell E. "Welcome to The National Organization of Downsized Employees, NODE" http:/pages.prodgy.com/node/
Kirschner, Elisabeth. "Downsizing" Chemical and Engineering News (Oct. 28, 1996)
Nelson, F. Howard. "Analyzing the Cost of Contracting Out", http: www.aft.org/research/
Government Executive Magazine Website. "Outsourcers" http:www.govexd.com/reinvent/downsize/
Government Executive Magazine Website. "Government for Sale" http:www.govexe.com/reinvent/downsize/
"Pink Slips with a Silver Lining" Business Week Feb. 9, 1998
"Agencies That Reported They Planned Their Use of Buyouts" http:www.access.gpo.gov
The curse of civil service reform to George W. Plunkitt was that patriotic young men could not get jobs without passing the civil service examinations. Plunkitt's objections about civil service reform are two fold, not only cou...
Wallerstein, M. & Western, B. 2000. Unions in Decline? What Has Changed and Why? Annual Review of Political Science. 3: 355-377.
On November 29, 1947, the United Nations voted for a partition resolution that led to the establishment of the nation of Israel in May, 1948. This was great news for Jews in Palestine and the diaspora as it meant the fulfillment of the quest for the rebirth of their nation in their previous homeland after many years of wandering (Pappe, 2006, p. 12). However, their Palestinian Arab counterparts opposed to the establishment from the start felt cheated by the international community and remained categorical that the final answer to the Jewish problem would only be solved in blood and fire (Karsh, 2002, p. 8).
In the United States, jury trials are an important part of our court system. We rely heavily on the jury to decide the fate of the accused. We don’t give a second thought to having a jury trial now, but they were not always the ‘norm’.
The city’s budget crisis was not a surprise, the City Manager had forecasted the shortfall and brought it to the attention of the city council. Based on the organizational structure, the City Manager clearly had more knowledge and information about the city’s budget, which was his source of power. However, the city council actually controls the resources (money in this case) and how and where to distribute the resource. Both, the City Manager and city council possess authority and power that neither want to relinquish; as a result, the employees suffered. Smithville city leaders needed to come together at the onset of the budget crisis and work together in a direct democratic fashion. When leaders come together and synthesize facts and resources, organizational members can increase the power they exert within an organization (Morgan, 2006). The budget crisis could potentially have been avoided had city leaders made an appeal to the public, explained the situation and offered a reasonable solution to the problem. Moreover, the transparency would have relieved some tension between the City Manager, city council, and the three labor unions. Because the city was not transparent and forthcoming with union leaders, the city negotiators enter the negotiation process giving members false hope of receiving salary and benefit increases when there were none to give. In summary, given the current situation, the City Manager needed to exert his expert power on the budget issue, join alliance with the union leaders, and push the city council to change city charter to implement the sales tax, which would have potentially off-set the budget
Modern Bureaucracy in the United States serves to administer, gather information, conduct investigations, regulate, and license. Once set up, a bureaucracy is inherently conservative. The reason the bureaucracy was initiated may not continue to exist as a need in the future. The need or reason may change with a change in the times and the culture needs. A bureaucracy tends to make decisions that protect it and further it’s own existence, possibly apart from the wishes of the populace. It may not consistently reflect what might be optimal in terms of the needs and wants of the people. Local governments employ most of the United States civil servants. The 14 cabinet departments in the U.S. are run day-to-day by career civil servants, which have a great deal of discretionary authority.
Criminology is only part of anti-social behavior which may include the causes, nature and control of such criminal behavior. Criminology focuses on criminals, while psychology is applied to understand the mind behind the criminal. Criminology deals with research into the cause, form and consequences of a crime. Psychopathology applies science useful in understanding the abnormalities in early development of the brain that contributed to the creation of the social deviant. It is necessary to include data from both fields to formulate hypothesis that state the nature of anti-social behaviors specifically relating to serious disorders such as schizophrenia. Applying the science of psychology to issues relating to violent crim...
Othello, a play written by William Shakespeare in approximately 1603, focuses on two opposite characters named Othello and Iago. Othello is a respectable army general who tragically dies in the end. The readers believe that his flaw is jealousy, which ruins his calm and makes him believe Iago, a character nobody should trust. The antagonist of the play, Iago, is a cunning liar who lies and tricks almost every other characters in the play to ruin and manipulate Othello. The play starts on the street of Venice where Iago convinces Roderigo to plot against Othello by planning falsely accuse Othello’s wife, Desdemona, of cheating. Interestingly, another specific detail critics usually look at is that Shakespeare choose to make the character of Othello a dark-skinned man, which was not a common feature a hero should have during the Elizabethan. Some of the common themes in Othello are the role of race and racism, the effects of jealousy, and the differences between genders during the Elizabethan.
Political and legislative decisions directly impact the work environment in a variety of ways. A candidate for political office can affect the workforce significantly through zoning ordinances, taxes, trade legislation, existence or lack of health, safety, and illegal discrimination regulations. They may also affect public investment (or lack of) in infrastructure, worker’s right to organize unions, levels of unemployment, and existence of unemployment insurance.
Today juries are much more diverse. Men, women, and people from diverse backgrounds are called to jury duty. Although the origin of the jury system is not clear, history has shown that William the Conqueror from Normandy introduced a similar system to England around 1066 CE (Judiciary of Vermont 1). After the American Revolutionary War, the jury system became the American ideal of justice. This essay will explore the history of the American jury system and illustrate how it has evolved over the course of the American history.
The jury system is essentially a descendant of Great Britain, the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. Colonialism played a significant role in the development of the jury system globally. However, despite colonial influence, judicial systems across the world have taken their own way. As a result, the jury system has developed and changed to suit the needs and social conscience of different countries. Across the world, juries examine and decide the facts in a jury trial, the accuracy of the testimony, the guilt or innocence of criminal defendants, and liabilities in a civil litigation. Today, many countries such as Britain, United States, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Australia, France, German, India, and so on practice jury trials. These countries will be the issue of discussion in this paper.
A jury is a panel of citizens, selected randomly from the electoral role, whose job it is to determine guilt or innocence based on the evidence presented. The Jury Act 1977 (NSW) stipulates the purpose of juries and some of the legal aspects, such as verdicts and the right of the defence and prosecution to challenge jurors. The jury system is able to reflect the moral and ethical standards of society as members of the community ultimately decide whether the person is guilty or innocent. The creation of the Jury Amendment Act 2006 (NSW) enabled the criminal trial process to better represent the standards of society as it allowed majority verdicts of 11-1 or 10-2, which also allowed the courts to be more resource efficient. Majority verdicts still ensure that a just outcome is reached as they are only used if there is a hung jury and there has been considerable deliberation. However, the role of the media is often criticized in relation to ensuring that the jurors remain unbiased as highlighted in the media article “Independent Juries” (SMH, 2001), and the wide reporting of R v Gittany 2013 supports the arguments raised in the media article. Hence, the jury system is moderately effective in reflecting the moral and ethical standards of society, as it resource efficient and achieves just outcomes, but the influence of the media reduces the effectiveness.
Our current trial by jury system was originally adopted from Anglo-Saxon English common law. Prior to juries, the United States had much more rudimentary methods that were in affect, such as bench trials. A bench trial consists of solely the judge determining the final verdict, versus a jury possessing that responsibility. Proceeding with a trial by jury assures that there will be a margin of error, simply due to the fact that the jurors are human, and are susceptible to human fallibility. Whether the jury is cognizant of it or not, emotions such as pre-determined bias and favoritism can impede or bring the case to a halt all together. According to Andy Leipold, a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois College of Law, the number of jury trial conviction rates have increased from 75 percent in 1946 to 84 percent from 1989 to 2002 (Krause). This sudden anomaly can be attributed to the influx of uneducated jurors, the increased cost of proceeding to trial, and improper juror selection.
In the 1980s, American factories were closing at a rapid pace. President Reagan's famous "trickle-down" economics helped large corporations increase profits while at the same time he reduced the power of the union with the firing of over 11,000 Air Traffic Controllers who had gone on strike (Le Blanc 122).
Throughout the 1970s, the ability of any one person to work hard enough to transcend social stratification in the United States became difficult due to various domestic challenges. The reality Americans begun to see during the ‘70s was bleak, this being contributed in great part to ecopolitical events. In the year 1974, a recession begun that has continued to affect the United States economy to this very day. Harold Meyerson, a writer and journalist for the Washington Post and The American Prospect in the article “The 40-Year Slump” notes “The middle-income jobs of the nation’s postwar boom years have disproportionately vanished. Low-wage jobs have disproportionately burgeoned. Employment has become less secure. Benefits have been cut. The dictionary definition of “layoff” has changed, from denoting a temporary severance from one’s job to denoting a permanent severance” (1). It is important to consider this point because it really lays the foundation of the 1970’s; one of little hope, and one shaken by what became known as the 1973-1975 Recession. This recession affected practically every person living in the U.S, and changed the perception of the workplace. Through low-economic growth and high inflation, the economic term “stagflation” came about, and negatively influenced the success of countless Americans. Alejandro Reuss, co-editor for the magazine Dollars & Sense in the article “That ‘70s Crises” asserts "The economy seemed trapped in the new nightmare of “stagflation,” so called because it combined low economic growth and high unemployment (“stagnation”) with high rates of inflation” (1). This is a valuable point to consider, as this term is still used to this day, and has affected all aspects of life for many Americans. Mic...