Introduction
Theory of mind (ToM) is defined as the “awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others” (Ciccarelli, 2013). According to Apperly (2012), Astington & Huges (2013) and Wellman (2011), interest in nature begins at a very young age. Three-year-old children should be able to perceive and understand through observation (Pratt & Bryant, 1990), discriminate positive/negative emotions, and distinguish one’s and other’s desires, which is a milestone in the development of ToM. From ages three to five, children begin to have false beliefs (Wellman, Cross, & Watson, 2001), or the notion that it is possible for people to have incorrect understanding. It is not until around the age of five to seven when children begin to fully understand the possibility of false beliefs and numerous explanations to a single event (Carpendale & Chandler, 1996), which enables them to understand ambiguous images and its different facets. Children also develop the ability to conceal information from the age of three to five in order to influence the behavior of others (Peskin, 1992). Whereas children before the age of three usually fail to misinform and misinterpret information to a competitor who will choose their formerly specified preference, older children acquired the ability to conceal and misinform to manipulate their competitor to obtain their stated preference.
We hypothesize that ToM does not exist at the age of three.
Method
The participant is a three-year-old boy, Norris. We were provided with a better understanding of Norris from the semi-structured interview with his parent. (View Appendix A & B).
The false-belief task was a revised version of the classic “Sally and Anne” experiment (Baron-Cohen, Leslie & Fri...
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...ds in cognitive sciences, 3(9), 337-344.
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and the presence of distorted perceptions (Kolb & Whishaw, 2011). As a result of the
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Deceit is the action or practice of deceiving someone by concealing or misleading the truth. Deception has always been a part of psychology and researchers have always determined that in the majority of cases the deceptions are harmless or minimal, yet they still exist. As a result of Mailgram’s experiment, deceptive research operations are now under harsh examination all across the discipline. It is obvious that Milgram’s intent was not to revol...
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