Dental radiographs are commonly taken to assist dental practitioners for further diagnosis. Dental radiographs are images produced on an image receptor with a passage of high energy electromagnetic radiation and radio waves that penetrates through teeth and it the relating structure (Iannucci, JM & Howerton, LJ 2012).The deliberation of electromagnetic radiation and radio waves raises concerns in regards to how radiation affects cells in the body and the composition of the nucleus. Sue Raye’s dentist requested radiographs for herself and her family, since dental radiographs involves radiosensitive the head and neck tissues area it raises concerns for her and family’s safety. Is it safe for her and her family to have dental radiographs taken without effects associated with x-radiation? Especially Xavier whose only five years of age.
Sue’s concern upon radiation and its effect on cells are very common. Ionised radiation can harm cells both directly and indirectly by either macromolecules or water molecules within the cell, which is explained further (Mettler, FA & Moseley RD, 1985).
Direct effect
A direct effect of ionised radiation occurs within 10-16 of a second. (Iannucci, JM & Howerton, LJ 2012. Pg. 36).) When a photon or electron disrupts the DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) or RNA molecule, it causes breakage of the sugar phosphate backbone or hydrogen bonding within DNA that originates via ionising radiation (Mettler, FA & Moseley RD, 1985. pg. 13). As a result the photon or electron affects the DNA or RNA and alters the molecular bonds, which may possibly prevent it from reproducing and potentially replicate properly (Mettler, FA & Moseley RD, 1985. pg.13).
Indirect effect
Indirect damage is where by surrounding molecule...
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the effective doses from diagnostic CT procedures are typically estimated to be in the range of 1 to 10 mSv. This range is not much less than the lowest doses of 5 to 20 mSv estimated to have been received by some of the Japanese survivors of the atomic bombs. These survivors, who are estimated to have experienced doses slightly larger than those encountered in CT, have demonstrated a small but increased radiation-related excess relative risk for
A Growing Concern." Internet Journal of Radiology 5.2 (2007): 4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Nov. 2013.
What is an Ultrasound. (2012, May 16). Medical News Today. Retrieved March 31, 2014, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles
There are essentially three main types of cancer treatments; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Surgery allows doctors to effectively remove tumors from a clear plane. Chemotherapy uses drugs to treat the tumor; but often the drugs affect other healthy cells in the process. Using radiation as a treatment can be either precise or vague. Many health stigmas can come from the vague forms of radiation or conventional radiation therapy. Conventional radiation treats both the unhealthy and healthy cells, therefore exposing healthy cells to harmful radiation (Radiation Oncology, 2011, p.6). When healthy cells are exposed to gamma radiation they are also exposed to ionizing radiation. The ionization can cause “breakage of chemical bonds or oxidization (addition of oxygen atoms)” in a cell; the main impact of this is on a cell’s DNA, if two strands of DNA break it can result in “mutations, chromosome aberrations, ...
The Faculty of General Dental Practice is responsible for continued professional development of dental clinicians. It is committed to improving standards of patient care within dentistry by providing up to date publications and guidelines for clinicians. The standards and guidelines by the FGDP are evidence based and are recognised as authoritative statements of good practice within the profession (REF). The FGDP have produced standards and evidence-based guidelines detailing the Selection Criteria for Dental Radiography (REF).
Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (1954-2014). About Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging. Retrieved from: http://www.snmmi.org/AboutSNMMI/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=6433
Radiation can either be ionizing or non-ionizing depending on how the radiation itself affects matter. Non-ionizing radiation includes visible light, heat, microwaves, and radio waves. This particular type of radiation deposits energy in the materials that it passes through but cannot break molecular bonds or remove electrons from atoms. Ionizing radiation on the other hand has enough energy to break molecular bonds and displace atoms. The displaced electron creates two charged particles known as ions which can cause changes in living cells.
DNA damage is a proven biomarker of radiation effects. Cytogenetic techniques commonly employed for detecting DNA strand breakages include chromosome aberrations, micronucleus and comet assay under field and laboratory circumstances. In recent times, flow cytometry (FCM) has been widely used to quantify DNA damage since it offers the analysis of a high number of nuclei in a few minutes providing statistically reliable results in a short period of time. Ideally, all cells within an organism contain the same amount of DNA. DNA damage results from the breakage and rearrangement of chromosomes and from interference with the normal segregation of chromosome during cell division. Double strand breaks are the most important DNA lesions caused by ionizing radiation and other damages from exposure to genotoxic agents resulting in cells with an abnormally high or low DNA content. This variability can be detected as an increased coefficient of variation (CV) of cells in G0/G1 phase as measured by flow cytometry.
Apart of becoming a new patient at a dental office is taking an x-ray and some may have question along with taking an x-ray, like “will I be affected by the x-ray?” or “will I get cancer?”, “how long will it take” “are x-ray’s safe?”, the list goes on and on. So in this paper we will talk about different types of radiation affects such as affects on children and pregnant women as well as some things that may help reduce some of the radiation that may harm the human body.
Although no adverse health effects have been directly linked to low-dose radiation exposure, the medical community is playing it safe with regards to radiation. Most physicians are very careful about ordering radiologic tests. They should not order a study unless it will improve patient care. If you have a question about the importance or the necessity of a radiologic test that has been ordered for you, be sure to ask your physician.
"Imaging and radiology." Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. 2008. eLibrary. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.
Radiology is one of the few so-called “physical-science”-based fields of medicine, making it a challenging and rewarding application of an academic interest in science. It combines advanced knowledge of human physiology with principles of atomic physics and nuclear decay, electricity and magnetism, and both organic and inorg...
"Adenosine - What Is Adenosine?" Adenosine - What Is Adenosine? N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014.
The energy in ionizing radiation can cause chemical changes in the the cells that can lead to damaging them. Most of the cells can either permanently or temporarily become abnormal or they can just die. Radiation can cause cancer by damaging the DNA in the body. The damage of the cells can also depend on how long the organs are exposed (environmental protection agency, 2017, unknown). If someone has many exposures at one time that radiation in the body keeps adding on. As well as if its only a little bit of exposure in on day and years later you get exposed again it keeps adding on the radiation will never leave the body. Having radiation in your body doesn’t affect you right away but as you get older it starts to show and you feel it. Chronic exposure is when someone is exposed many time for long periods. When this happens the type of effects it will carry is having harmful generic change, cancer, tumors, and even cataracts. Partial health effects can also depend on if it was internal or external exposure. Internal exposure is when either by drinking, breathing, eating and even an injection cause radiation to get inside your body. External exposure is when taking an x-ray out of your body and letting it go through letting all the energy go as it goes in (environmental protection agency, 2017, unknown). In the dental world radiation gets into the patients when we take x-rays on there teeth. In order to avoid to much radiation on them we put a lead apron on them and make sure to cover their thyroid which is the most common way of getting cancer when taking an x-ray. When we take the x-ray we stand behind a wall at least 6 feet away to avoid ourself from getting
Heat and x-rays are an example of radiation. A type of non-ionizing radiation is radiofrequency radiation. (Cancer 1) If radiofrequency radiation is engrossed in large amounts of materials containing water and food it can produce heat. This can lead to burns, tissue damage, and harm DNA cells. Heat is the main effect of exposure to radiofrequency. (Cancer 2)