ABBREVIATION IN ARABIC LANGUAGE
Basha’er Safadi
Bethlehem University
Abstract
This paper describes the word-formation process in Arabic which is abbreviation that contains three important processes; acronyms, clipping and blending. Although these processes do not exist widely in Arabic, they are important to be known and to be discussed. So, this research aims to illustrate the definition of each process and to give explanations and examples on each. Merriam Webster dictionary defines the term of abbreviation as “a shortened form of written word or phrase used in place of the whole word of phrase”. Abbreviation contains three parts which are acronyms (الأوائلية اللفظة), clipping (الإجتزاء) and blending
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For instance the acronyms فتح which stands to حركة التحرير الفلسطينية has to be حتف because of the order of the phrase, but it has been used as فتح to give a positive meaning which is “to set free” not a negative meaning which is “death”.
Clipping (Partition)
Definition:
Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both leaving a part to stand for the whole. According to Oriabi, she mentioned in her article “A Contrastive Study of clipping in English and Arabic” that clippings are “used to maintain easy pronunciation of words by omitting some of the letters” (p. 11). Sebawiah is the first who discovered clipping when he heard some clipped words from Arabian speakers saying "ألا تا، بلى فا" he used it instead of saying the whole sentence which is “ألا تفعل وبلى فافعل” (Al- Kitab, p. 321).
Types of partition:
1) Partition within
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Nouns Ending without Ta Murbuta: They can be elided by clipping the final part of it, under two conditions : only proper nouns as Salim سالم it can be elided as يا سال yaa Sal by clipping the final part which is the letter (m م). Second condition is that these vocative nouns without Ta Murabuta (ة) should be quadripartite or more to be elided as in the noun حارث Harth , Salman, by clipping their final parts either one letter as in Harth حارث( yaa Harيا حار) or two letters as in عمران Omran يا عمر yaa Omar.
B) Elision of Nouns in Poetry
Non vocative nouns can be, also, elided in Arabic and they are used specifically in poetry for rhetorical purposes.
Example: the noun Handalah in this verse can be elided by clipping the last letter (h ه)
هذا ردائي عنده يستعيره ليلبسني حقي وامال بن حنظل
C. Elision of the Diminutive Nouns
*Diminutive used to show smallness, low status or to express endearment, and it has two forms: fuj’yl فعيل and fuj’yj’l فعيعل
For example, the diminutive form for the noun حامد Hamid is Humayed حميد (fuj’yl فعيل) by returning the name حاملد Hamid to its root by deleting the additional letter which is (a ) الأللف to be Hmd حمد is tripartite .
Blending
Definition:
Blending is a compounding among two or more words together in one word to make easy to point to it or to spell it. In blending some words stay as they are and some by deleting part of them then join them together.
Ancient
into its English equivalent. Then he used only the first letter of the English equivalent in
Their name is sometimes shortened up and changed. The officials would change them so people can pronounce and spell them.
these traditions. By combining these words with a hyphen, Alexie, in turn, intertwines the two to
the spelling of certain words can seem illogical and may have no other similar spelling in
The child exhibits an error called final consonant deletion. Instead of fully enunciating the whole word to the end, she drops the last consonant. This is seen in utterance 1 and 72.
...eat thing when they are used properly, but it is very important that the person using them knows when they should and should not be used. There are things that can be done to try reducing risks that are associated with the misuse of abbreviations. Although Eliminating all medical abbreviations would definitely help get rid of all the problems that follow, it does not have to be the only choice in the matter of reducing the risks. Making sure that all health care personnel follow the written policies that are in place is a very important part of working in the medical field. Accreditation agencies are now starting to compose lists of all the abbreviated terms that should not be used any more. Finally, abbreviations are an important part of any medical professional's life, but when it comes to handwritten documents it is often more of a nuisance rather then a blessing.
It is always words that do not actually have any significant meaning, but they are added in anyways. For example, words like, homemade, improved, 100%, tasty, just to name a few.
In the partial alphabetic phase individuals pay attention to different letters in a word in order to attempt its pronunciation, usually the first and final letters of a word are focused on, Ehri referred to this as ‘phonetic cue reading’. This is a skill which along with others which shows phonological awareness.
...ter may use several words that can be grouped together into one word. An example of this would be :
Stagni (1987) Slips of the tongue in Arabic. In M. Eid (Ed.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics: Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic linguistics, volume I, Salt Lake City, Utah. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
...oved and the Moniyhan Report." Modern Language Association 111.3 (1996): 408-20. JSTOR. Web. 11 June 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/463165.
Arabic is a language that is an example of a language that is spoken with rules and regulations that govern it, these rules come from the holy Quran. When Arabic goes through grammatical alteration, the language loses its richness, and no longer sounds the tough language that makes it special worldwide. Currently, with all the westernization occurring in the Arab world, many have diverted from the standard Arabic. Families have changed their first language to English; from my point of view, ...
There are three reasons for selecting Hasawi for this study. First, there is little previous work related to Hasawi even though it is considered an enormous dialect because it is expanded to other Gulf countries, such as Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates. Thus, HD is also spoken as a minor dialect in the previous mentioned countries so that Hasawi is sometimes called Gulf Arabic 'Khaliji'. Secondly, the emergence of a new dialect a few years ago which is Modern Hasawi, a blend of old Hasawi and Najdi, threatens the existence of the original Hasawi in Saudi Arabia in spite of the massive expansion of the dialect to the neighboring countries. Finally, the dialect of Al-Ahsa is seen as a humorous matter among other Saudi dialects because it is hard to understand (Bassiouney, 2010). Probably the cause of such difficulty refers to the sociolinguistic impact of non-Arabian languages, such as Farsi 'Persian' and Turkish. However, it would be proven at the end of this paper that this unattractive dialect has unique acoustic features.
Transposition involves “replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message” (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958/1995: 88). For instance, the ST noun is translated into an adjective or a verb in the TL but it conveys thae same meaning of the ST. Newmark (1988: 85) defines transposition as “a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL.” Newmark gives four types of transposition. The first type is concerned with the form and position of the word. An example is given by Zakhir (2008: 3): “a red car”, "سيارة حمراء"; “a beautiful girl”, "فتاة جميلة". It can be noted from the latter example that the position of the adjective has been changed in the translation and this change depends on the grammatical rules of TL.
Palatal Diphthongization: This is the change in the pronunciation of diphthongs. By this sound-change, an “ae” and e in early Old English was changed to a diphthong (“ea” and “ie” respectively) when preceded by certain palatal consonants “c, g, sc” (Baugh & Cable, 2001).