According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, anti-Semitism is hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group. There are two main types of anti-Semitism: classical anti-Semitism and modern anti-Semitism. Classical anti-Semitism is the hatred and intolerance towards Jews because of their religious differences. According to remember.org,
“Modern anti-Semitism, in contrast to earlier forms, was based not on religious practices of the Jews but on the theory that Jews comprised an inferior race. Anti-Semites exploited the fact that Jews had been forced into exile by extolling as ‘fact’ that their ‘rootlessness’ had a genetic basis. A Jew was a Jew not because he or she practiced any particular religion, but because it was a character of his or her blood.”
The main difference between classical and modern anti-Semitism is that Jews who faced classical anti-Semitism were given the opportunity to convert and erase their stain of Jewishness, and be able to have access into Christian society. Whereas Jews facing modern anti-Semitism would forever be Jews no matter what proceedings they partook in. The Mortara case, a famous and controversial case in Jewish history that took place around 1858, demonstrates both classical and modern anti-Semitism.
The Mortara case involves the kidnapping of a young Jewish boy named Edgardo Mortara. The story begins when the Italian police inform the Mortara parents, Marianna and Momolo Mortara, that Edgardo has been baptized and according to the law of the Pontifical State, a Christian is not permitted to live in a Jewish home. Marianna and Momolo Mortara figure out that their old caregiver, Anna Morisi was guilty of secretly baptizing their son Edgardo...
... middle of paper ...
...y 2010. .
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Kertzer, David I.. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. 1st Vintage Books Ed ed. New York: Vintage, 1998. Print.
Urrea, Luis Alberto. The Devil’s Highway: A True Story. New York: Little, Brown, 2004. Print.
Teja, Jesus F. De La. A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin. Austin: State House Press, 1991.
Garcia, Monica, and Kyle Putnam. "The Story of Gregorio Cortez." The Story of Gregorio Cortez. N.p., 7 May 2001. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. .
Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. "The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca" University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
6. Love, Edgar F. “Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico.” The Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (1967): 89-103.
Anti-Semitism is the hatred and discrimination of those with a Jewish heritage. It is generally connected to the Holocaust, but the book by Helmut Walser Smith, The Butcher’s Tale shows the rise of anti-Semitism from a grassroots effect. Smith uses newspapers, court orders, and written accounts to write the history and growth of anti-Semitism in a small German town. The book focuses on how anti-Semitism was spread by fear mongering, the conflict between classes, and also the role of the government.
Crassweller, Robert D. Trujillo: The life and times of a Caribbean dictator. New York: Macmillan.1966.
Beith, Malcolm. The Last Narco: Inside the Hunt for El Chapo, the World's Most Wanted Drug Lord. New York: Grove, 2010. Print.
Sante, L. (1991). Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York. New York: Vintage Books.
Bladerrama, Francisco E., Raymond Rodriguez. Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. Alburquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. Galarza, Ernesto. A. Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story.
In September of 1973, a young idealistic American hailing from a wealthy upper-class New York family named Charles Horman and his wife Beth were living in Chile. A free-lance writer, Charles was a curious fellow, meticulously recording conversations and events he deemed significant. On September 11th, a coup d’etat led by the military junta and army leader Augusto Pinchot overthrew the existing socialist government of President Salvador Allende. In the confusion and chaos surrounding the immediate aftermath of the coup, Charles was separated from his wife, never to be seen or heard from again. While Beth was convinced that Charles had been captured by the Chilean government with the complicity of the American State Department, her father-in-law, Ed Horman, a well-connected and successful industrial designer, soon joined her efforts to recover his son, but began the process certain that his naïve romantic left-leaning son had gotten entangled within complicated political matters and was at fault for his own
As Sartre explains, "the Jew whom the anti-Semite wishes to lay hands upon is not a schematic being defined solely by his function, as under administrative law; or by status or acts, as under the Code. He is a Jew, the son of a Jew, recognizable by his physique, by the colour of his hair, by his clothing perhaps, and, so they say, by his character." To the anti-Semite, the Jew's character is oily, tactless, intriguing, selfish and greedy. He believes that all Jews are this way, and therefore treats them all the same, with hatred and repulsion. While a Jew might be a successful business man, a doctor, lawyer, or teacher etc. he is also a Jew, and that is all he is recognized for in the eyes of the anti-Semite.Furthermore, Sartre argues that "if the Jew did not exist, the Anti-Semite would invent him." This is self explanatory by the fact that Jews have been used as scapegoats and will continuously be used as such in the future.
de la Cruz, Juana Ines. "Hombres Necios." A Sor Juana Anthology. Ed.Alan S. Trueblood. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1988.
Kahn, Karim. "The Curious Case of Fernando Pessoa." - from The Secret Lives, Hidden Guises Issue. Somethinkblue, 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.
Luis Martín-Santos’ novel Tiempo de Silencio was written and published during the time of Franco’s regime, and because of this, as one would expect, the book reflects the climate of the time. In fact the difficulty that the author encountered in his attempt to publish the book is the first reflection of the censorship of the era; although the novel was finished in 1960 it was not published until 1962, in the form of an edition with 20 pages removed by the censor. The full uncensored edition was not released in Spain until 1981, by which time Franco’s regime was almost unrecognisable from the heavily oppressive nature that it had at its beginning, and was in comparison extremely liberal. In the post civil war era the state held tight control over all forms of media and art, and in fact most aspect of Spanish life, and obviously within this context antigovernment works or those that were critical of the state were not tolerated.