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Links between homelessness and mental illness
Links between homelessness and mental illness
Homelessness and mental illness introduction
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When recruiting, it can get difficult because the participants may be withdrawn from the study, psychologically isolated, skeptical of the analysis projects or even intensely engaged with their present test. In this field, effect strategies need to be developed in order to collect samples.
As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) In the United States, At least 1% of the population encounters homeless in a given year and more than 5% of individuals with Tb reported being homeless within the year prior to diagnosis. That is because people who are homeless have no access to medical care.
In order to obtain the prevalence of tuberculosis among the homeless population we are going to recruit and survey the homeless residents in Rochester on their experience with Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis screening. Convenience Sampling also known as no random selection is going to be used to recruit the participants and by doing that I would contact the local agencies of the homeless shelters like Open Door Mission Samaritan House, Homeless and Housing, Women's place and House of Mercy.
I would ask those agencies to select 40 individuals in the
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Now this survey is only asking you questions on your experience with Tuberculosis if you've contracted the bacterial disease and how was your experience with Tb screening? Or have your ever thought about getting a Tb screening done? Just to name a few questions. There isn't any risk because I'm just asking you questions on the survey. I will tell you that your information is confidential and no one will know your name or even that you completed a survey for my study. I just need your consent by reading everything on this form, print and sign your name at the bottom with the date and that would
The vulnerable populations studied are immigrants primarily Hispanic and Latinos with tuberculosis. The goal is to teach immigrants on how to prevent the spreading of TB and how to prevent the disease.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Infectious Disease – The Never-ending Threat). It is acquired by inhalation and is spreadable. The City of Toronto in accordance with Toronto Public Health have in place different specialty teams in regards to Tuberculosis (TB) who work together to provide support for individuals with TB as well as their families and to help prevent the spread of TB in Toronto (City of Toronto). Specifically, Toronto Public Health has a designated homeless and corrections team who manage TB disease and infection within the homeless/under-housed and corrections populations. Within this program, they use many environmental guidelines to access and diminish in the
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
Tb is spread trough the air and respiration. So when a person breathes in the air around them then they may not knowingly breath in one of the tuberculosis drop lets through there nose. The disease can also spread through the clothing and anything that the contaminated person has touched. If a person were to touch the clothing of an infected person they will most likely get the disease because it is so highly contagious. Many of the main people who are infected by tuberculosis are people who may already have been infected by another disease because their immune system is so week that makes them a main target for tuberculosis. People who may have a high risk at getting TB should avoid areas that have been infected, vaccinate themselves, get regular skin tests, take antibiotics if they know they will be around tuberculosis.
Report from CDC (2013) stated that the number of TB cases in the United States decreased slightly in 2011; however there is a disproportionate number of TB cases still occur among high-risk populations, including people experiencing homelessness (CDC, 2013). Furthermore, CDC (2013) said, “In the United States, 1% of the population experiences homelessness in a given year, but more than 5% of people with TB reported being homeless within the year prior to diagnosis” (CDC, 2013).
Many health care workers are required to get tested for TB to determine whether they have being affected by TB bacteria and to take further precautions to not get sick and or contaminated patients.
Zlotnick, C., Zerger, S., & Wolfe, P. B. (2013). Health care for the homeless: What we have learned in the past 30 years and what's next. American Journal of Public Health, 103(2), 199-205.
In the case scenario Jose tested positive for tuberculosis. Jose can have latent tb infection or tb disease. If a person has latent infection, he/she may be asymptomatic and not infectious. However, if Jose have active tb disease, he will feel sick and can possibly spread the bacteria to other people. The people who are at risk of contracting tuberculosis from Jose are the people he spends with every day (people who work and live in the homeless shelter, and the people who are nearby him when he cough, sneeze, and speak)
Torrey, E. Fuller, M.D. (2011). Homeless Mentally Ill Fact, Figures, and Anecdotes. Retrieved from http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/consequences/homeless-mentally-ill.html
population will be homeless at some point in their lives (Brubaker, Amatea, Torres-Rivera, Miller and Nabors 2012). Recent data suggests that there are approximately 750,000 people living in shelters, on the streets, or in other places unsuitable for living every day (McNamara, Crawford, and Burns 2013). On an average January night in 2013, an estimated 610,042 people were homeless in the United States (Henry, Cortes, and Morris 2013). More than one-third of all homeless people were living in unsheltered locations such as under bridges, in cars, or in abandoned buildings. There has been a significant growth in the number of families and individuals who attempt to access shelter services and other programs. Between 2007 and 2010, the suburban or rural share of the family shelter populations rose from 26.9 to 41.4 percent (McNamara, Crawford, and Burns 2013). The number of people accessing services for the homeless grew nearly 57 percent during that time. Many homeless individuals suffer from the effects of substance abuse and mental health problems along with other health and life concerns. Many find refuge on the streets and in shelters after surviving personal crises such as interpersonal violence, losing a job, or being overwhelmed by medical bills. Others resist shelters due to negative experiences they have had with shelters and other homeless agencies (Donely and Wright
Tuberculosis or known as TB remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in developing countries. A combination of factors including high costs, limited resources and the poor performance of various diagnostic tests make the diagnosis of TB difficult in developing countries. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), one third of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis. In 2012, nearly nine million people around the world become sick with tuberculosis disease, and there were around one point three million TB related deaths worldwide.
Tuberculosis is sometimes called disease of the poor, poverty restricts lots of people to live in a small space, leading to overcrowding. Smaller spaces increase the possibility of M. Tuberculosis to spread and infect an individual. Also immunocompromised individual are susceptible to acquiring tuberculosis. For example, HIV patients, malnourished individual are more susceptible to tuberculosis compared to the average healthy individual. People that are constantly in close range to infected individual are at higher risk of getting infected because, they are more likely to share and breathe the same air. This will lead to inhalation of M. Tuberculosis and might eventually lead to tuberculosis.
A low-grade fever, weight loss, lethargy, night sweats, respiratory congestion, cough, and hemoptysis, are symptoms indicative of Tuberculosis. A positive skin test, abnormal chest x-ray and a positive sputum culture are indicators of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets containing bacteria. This excerpt depicts tuberculosis and its history and prevalence.
Fitzpatrick, Joanne. “ONI Opening Doors Project—Improving Health for Homeless People and Families.” Community Practitioner 85.2 (2012): 19+. Academic OneFile. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.
Active tuberculosis only develops in about 10% of infected persons, remaining dormant in the rest; although the latent infection may later progress to active disease years later, especially in immune-compromised individuals. 9 Infection by MTBC may involve any organ of the body, but clinical presentation is most common in the lungs (pulmonary TB). General symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and severe cough with bloody sputum (hemoptysis) which may lead to death if untreated. 10 Mortality rates without treatment are high: in a study of natural history of TB in HIV-negative patients, 70% died within 10 years. 11 Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in the world...