Case Study: Our Spirits Don T Speak English
analytical Essay
1004 words
Our spirits Don’t Speak English: Indian Boarding school is an 80 minute documentary that details the mental and physical abuse that the Native Americans endured during the Indian Boarding school experience from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. In the beginning going to school for Indian children meant listening to stories told by tribal elders, parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles and storytellers. These tales past down from generation to generation were metaphors for the life experience and their relationships to plants and animals. Native children from birth were also taught that their appearance is a representation of pure thoughts and spiritual status of an individual. The Indian Boarding School Experience sanctioned by the U.S government decultralized Native Americans through Anglo Conformity which has led to a cultural smudging of the Native American mores generations later, disrupting centuries of cultural constructions and the norms and values of the Native American people. The Natives were viewed as an impediment to Expansion in the eyes of the …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Explains that natives were viewed as an impediment to expansion in the eyes of the european americans and a problem that needed to be overcome.
- Explains how henry pratt transformed the carlisle indian industrial school into a prison like setting with large fences, guardhouses and military like dormitories.
- Analyzes how the indian boarding school experience, sanctioned by the u.s government, decultralized native americans through anglo conformity, disrupting centuries of cultural constructions.
- Analyzes how the native americans were beaten for speaking their native tongue and stripped of their culture at the indian boarding school.
You simply cannot justify ripping a child from a loving home and stripping them of their culture and placing them in prison like dormitories where you attempt to “civilize” them. Deculturaliztion will never be a right or just act. Decades later the Native Americans are still picking up the pieces from the wrecking ball that was the Indian Boarding School experience. I have taken away from this project the importance of tolerance and understanding in all aspects of life. Instead of our differences separating us it should in fact unite us. Differences make our world a better place because it helps us define who we are as people. In my daily life I will focus on being more open minded and less judgmental of different cultures and
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- Debateanalytical essayThroughout history First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people have faced centuries of colonial suppression (Stout and Kipling, 2003, p. 5). One of the tools used for suppression was through the formation of residential schools. Many First Nation lives were significantly changed by the creation of residential schools, even for those who did not attend them. Residential schools were created with the intent to “force assimilation of the Aboriginal people in...
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- Analyzes how the film gabriel's crossing presented the viewers with a deeper look into why gangs have tended to evolve and increase for many aboriginal youths in the north central, regina area.
- Analyzes how the film gabriel’s crossing influenced a youth's decision to join gangs or engage in criminal activities. the film highlighted colonization, racism, poverty, violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and criminalization.
- Explains that first nations, inuit, and métis people have faced centuries of colonial suppression through the formation of residential schools.
- Analyzes how gabriel's crossing depicted various social problems such as racism, family violence, social inequality, and alcohol and drug abuse. aboriginals are over-represented in the justice system in canada.
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- Analyzes the negative self-fulfilling prophecies created by the youths in gabriel's crossing, which can be viewed as a personal fault.
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1460 wordsRead More - The Impact of Sports in Native American Boarding Schoolsanalytical essayAt these boarding schools, Native American children were able to leave their Indian reservations to attend schools that were often run by wealthy white males. These individuals often did not create these schools with the purest of intentions for they often believed that land occupied by Native American Tribes should be taken from them and put to use; it is this belief that brought about the purpose of the boarding schools which was to attempt to bring the Native American community into mainstream society (Bloom, 1996). These boarding schools are described to have been similar to a military institution or a private religious school. The students were to wear uniforms and obey strict rules that included not speaking one’s native tongue but rather only speaking English. Punishments for not obeying such rules often included doing laborious chores or being physically reprimanded (Bloom, 1996). Even with hars...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that sport is the purest form of expression for a society or individual. native american boarding school students were deeply impacted by the role of sport in the 1800s and 1900s.
- Explains that native american children were able to leave their indian reservations to attend schools run by wealthy white males. the bureau of indian affairs (bia) tried to abolish athletics from these boarding schools.
- Analyzes how the students of native american boarding schools knew that their athleticism was worth something to the individuals running the school.
- Analyzes how the slaves of native american boarding schools used sport as an act of rebellion to express their autonomy from the oppression of superiors.
- Explains that sports and activities are a historical part of all societies across the world, including the native american population before the settlement of europeans.
- Explains that native american boarding schools were considered elite athletic facilities that brought in great coaches such as glenn s. "pop" warner to coach their athletic teams.
- Explains that native american children were not the only ones who sought praise from local newspapers due to their athletic achievements. baseball allowed them to bond with peers and be recognized by the entire community.
- Opines that sport can affect a society in ways that no other activity or hobby could. it is vital to the autonomy, freedom, and pride of its participants especially in regards to native american students at boarding schools.
1670 wordsRead More - In 1887 the federal government launched boarding schools designed to remove young Indians from their homes and families in reservations and Richard Pratt –the leader of Carlisle Indian School –declared, “citizenize” them. Richard Pratt’s “Kill the Indian… and save the man” was a speech to a group of reformers in 1892 describing the vices of reservations and the virtues of schooling that would bring young Native Americans into the mainstream of American society.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that richard pratt's "kill the indian... and save the man" was a speech to reformers in 1892 describing the vices of reservations and the virtue of schooling.
- Opines that americans have not yet learned their lesson after years of oppression of the black man, mistreating them, beating them and seeing them as something less of a human being.
- Analyzes how pratt uses the african americans as a primary example to help americans understand that confining the indians in reservations will tarnish the chances of them ever being able to compete with the white race.
- Opines that pratt believes that by collecting the youth of native americans and teaching them the necessary steps into becoming civil will be successful in the long run.
- Opines that richard pratt, like other white reformers, believed that there was more to the native americans than just a mindless savage.
- Opines that richard pratt's "kill the indian... and save the man" logos were convincing. his use of pathos convinced us to give the natives a shot at being one with the nation.
- Analyzes how the caption "indian outrager" depicts thomas jefferson hitting the native americans with war in order to run them out of their native lands.
1072 wordsRead More - Sherman Alexie's Indian Educationanalytical essayAdjusting to another culture is a difficult concept, especially for children in their school classrooms. In Sherman Alexie’s, “Indian Education,” he discusses the different stages of a Native Americans childhood compared to his white counterparts. He is describing the schooling of a child, Victor, in an American Indian reservation, grade by grade. He uses a few different examples of satire and irony, in which could be viewed in completely different ways, expressing different feelings to the reader. Racism and bullying are both present throughout this essay between Indians and Americans. The Indian Americans have the stereotype of being unsuccessful and always being those that are left behind. Through Alexie’s negativity and humor in his essay, it is evident that he faces many issues and is very frustrated growing up as an American Indian. Growing up, Alexie faces discrimination from white people, who he portrays as evil in every way, to show that his childhood was filled with anger, fear, and sorrow.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how sherman alexie's "indian education" discusses the different stages of a native americans childhood compared to his white counterparts. racism and bullying are both present throughout the essay between indians and americans.
- Analyzes how victor faces discrimination at both american indian reservation and farm town junior high schools due to his native american background. his classmates would steal his glasses, trip him, call him names, fight him and his teachers bullied him verbally.
- Analyzes how victor felt hatred from the white people when his teacher made him stand with his text books in his hands for fifteen minutes.
- Analyzes how alexie is making white people look evil throughout the essay. he describes the white girls as being anorexic and bulimic.
- Analyzes how victor's childhood was filled with sorrow. he was always lonely and waited for the bullying to end. alexie shows how sorrowful and hurt he was.
- Analyzes how the young man felt angry when he was bullied. he felt hatred towards his teacher and learned to always throw the first punch when living in the white world.
- Analyzes how victor is often left in fear after he faces some of these experiences. he graduated as a valedictorian, but was fearful of this. alexie shows that even though they were successful, they have no plans for after high school.
- Analyzes how victor faces some fear of god when his teacher, betty towle, is punishing him. he refers to her as an ugly missionary teacher.
- Analyzes how alexie uses satire to show that indians used drugs because they dealt with so much frustration.
- Analyzes how alexie ends every grade with a closing quote. he uses humor in his tone in eighth grade when he hears the girls making themselves throw up in the bathroom.
- Analyzes how alexie faces discrimination from white people, who he portrays as evil in every way to show that his childhood was filled with anger, fear, and sorrow.
1266 wordsRead More - Residential Schools In Canadaexplanatory essayIn conjunction to the Indian Act, any child ages three to sixteen was forcibly taken from their home and implemented into the Residential School system where they stayed for ten months of the year from September to June. It was during this time that children of the system learned basic skills in English, French, and arithmetic. This education was an active attempt to separate these children from the traditions of their family or tribes. Furthermore, unlike the multicultural education of today, residents of the schools studied a majority of Eurocentric subjects such as history and music further eradicating their cultural traditions. In addition to poor education, schools such as these were often underfunded and most of the time spent there, children learned to do “honest work” meant to prep them for a life of servitude. Girls were trained early for housework such as laundry, sewing and cooking while the boys did general maintenance and agriculture. Due to the fact that these children spent the majority of their time doing chores, most of the children only completed grade 5 by the time they were legal
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the creation of residential schools is a regretful part of canada's past. the objective was to assimilate and isolate first nations and aboriginal children so that they could be educated and integrated into canadian society.
- Explains that residential schools were the only source of education that the government deemed worthy at the time of its creation.
- Explains that the federal government of canada funded the education of first nations and aboriginal children due to treaties signed between first nation tribes and the government.
- Explains that due to the lack of funding for qualified teachers, the education of these children was pushed upon the church by the department of northern and indian affairs.
- Explains that the canadian government created residential schools to end poverty and lack of education, but ultimately it was to eradicate the first nations culture. the government crossed several morality lines to the point of obvious racial discrimination.
- Explains that 150,000 first nations, inuit, and metis attended residential schools. they were dumped back to their tribes without a clue of how to survive. generational differences segregated these children from their parents.
714 wordsRead More - Miller, J. M. D. (1996). Shingwauk's vision: A history of native residential schools. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that some of the greatest human rights violations within our time and even in the late modern period can be found through looking back into canadian history.
- Explains that indian residential schools in canada were constructed with no other goal, then destroying and dismantling the native cultural, by specifically targeting the upcoming generation.
- Explains the scale and cruelty of the human rights violations that occurred in the canadian indian residential school system and its impact on natives in canada.
- Analyzes the negative effects of residential schools on canada's native people, and explains how the term "collective soul wound" is commonly used.
- Analyzes how lloyd robertson discusses research and topics in relation to the canadian residential school experiences and its results on native people.
- Explains that all of the litigants had suffered sexual abuse and 90 percent experienced physical abuse while at residential school. half of respondents reported that they had a criminal record, the majority for assault and sexual assault.
- Explains that ptsd is a complex and complicated mental disorder that encompasses so many negative aspects within itself. residential school syndrome (rss) is not recognized by the america physiological association (apa).
- Explains that residential schools have affected all of canada's aboriginal population one way or another. historic trauma (ht) is centred on the treatment and actions of a culture, rather than specific experiences.
- Explains that the canadian government has acknowledged its wrongs and faults in implementing the residential school system.
- Explains how the canadian government has made reconciliation efforts. the aboriginal healing foundation was founded in 1998 to address the physical and sexual abuse of residential school survivors.
- Opines that while the canadian government has attempted reconciliation, the damage, lasting effects and impact of residential schools in canada for indians, cannot be undermined.
- Describes bryce's the story of a national crime: recording the health conditions of the indians of canada from 1904 to 1921.
- Explains that shingwauk's vision: a history of native residential schools.
- Cites the national collaborating centre for mental health (uk). the management of ptsd in adults and children in primary and secondary care.
- Explains that at least 3000 died in residential schools, research shows.
- Explains that the military, economic, and cultural conquest of people aboriginal to the american continents was a form of genocide.
- Cites aboriginal affairs and northern development canada's apology on behalf of canadians for the indian residential school system.
- Analyzes how paul martin accuses residential schools of "cultural genocide". corrado, r., and cohen, i. (2003). mental health profiles for a sample of bc survivors of the canadian residential school system.
2756 wordsRead More - How The Aboriginal Assimilationcomparative essay“To kill the Indian in the child,” was the prime objective of residential schools (“About the Commission”). With the establishment of residential schools in the 1880s, attending these educational facilities used to be an option (Miller, “Residential Schools”). However, it was not until the government’s time consuming attempts of annihilating the Aboriginal Canadians that, in 1920, residential schools became the new solution to the “Indian problem.” (PMC) From 1920 to 1996, around one hundred fifty thousand Aboriginal Canadians were forcibly removed from their homes to attend residential schools (CBC News). Aboriginal children were isolated from their parents and their communities to rid them of any cultural influence (Miller, “Residential Schools”). Parents who refrained from sending their children to these educational facilities faced the consequence of being arrested (Miller, “Residential Schools”). Upon the Aboriginal children’s arrival into the residential schools, they were stripped of their culture in the government’s attempt to assimilate these children into the predominately white religion, Christianity, and to transition them into the moderating society (Miller, “Residential Schools”). With the closing of residential schools in 1996, these educational facilities left Aboriginal Canadians with lasting negative intergenerational impacts (Miller, “Residential Schools”). The Aboriginals lost their identity, are affected economically, and suffer socially from their experiences.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the government's time-consuming attempts of annihilating aboriginal canadians led to the establishment of residential schools in the 1880s.
- Explains that aboriginals were subjected to a new environment, resulting in the loss of their culture.
- Explains that residential schools have impacted the lives of many former aboriginal residential students, and their own children, negatively.
- Explains that the traumatic experiences witnessed and endured by former aboriginal canadians residential schools survivors caused them to suffer socially.
- Explains that aboriginals have a lack of trust in authorities, as well as white people due to the negative experiences they faced.
- Concludes that the effect of opening residential schools was an extremely negative event for aboriginals, as they faced an identity crisis and struggled economically socially.
- Explains first nations child poverty in ontario. canada: best start resource center.
1366 wordsRead More - Native American Language Revitilizationexplanatory essayThe cultural assimilation of the Native American peoples began when the first European settlement took root in what is now considered New England. The cultural assimilation of these native peoples continued well into the 19th century with the predominant thought by Caucasian American that native tribes had little to contribute to the emerging United States. This assimilation involved the forced placement of young Native American children in boarding schools operated by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in order to “re-educate” or “Americanize” them in the eyes of Caucasian American citizens. The goal of the BIA was to force Native Americans to leave their heritage and cultures behind and enter into mainstream Caucasian American dominated culture. Even at the turn of the century, there were no attempts in any form to present to the Native American students with a culturally appropriate education. These schools promoted Native Americans to dress and speak like their Caucasian American counterparts. The persecution and assimilation of the Native American to adopt the English language has been recognized since the late 1960’s as a huge issue. Two of the largest tribes that have been documented the most in history as being subjected to such treatment are the Cherokee and the Navajo. These two tribes have recognized the rising issue of a dwindling supply of native language speakers. Older members of these two tribes who are fluent in the language are beginning to pass away and younger generations are losing the ability to speak their native language at an increasing rate. It is of vital importance appropriate action be taken to revitalize both the Cherokee and Navajo languages.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the cultural assimilation of the native american peoples began when the first european settlement took root in what is now considered new england.
- Explains that the navajo and cherokee languages are not the most endangered languages in the united states.
- Analyzes how professor mary romero-little describes the predicament in her article titled language policies in practice: preliminary findings from a large-scale national study of native american language shift.
- Explains the significance of a loss of language. the navajo and cherokee languages contain unique histories, philosophies, ceremonies, and other important facts.
- Explains that the cherokee and the navajo have not given up on the revitalization of their language.
- States that the cherokee community in oklahoma has been able to administer the teaching of its language in 25 classes for the local community. the navajo have long been aware of the benefits that can come from an immersion program.
- Explains that while the cherokee and navajo nations have taken different approaches to revitalizing their respective languages, they both recognize the importance of preserving it.
- Explains that rosetta stone endangered language program releases navajo language software.
- Explains endangered languages: revitalizing native american languages | cultural survival.
- Cites romero-little, mccarty, warhol, and zepeda for their paper, language policies in practice: preliminary findings from a large-scale national study of native american language shift.
1608 wordsRead More - Native American Educationexplanatory essayThis book contained both primary and secondary sources, but I only used the secondary sources. This book contained information about the boarding schools and what was going on inside of them. I used facts from this book to describe life in the schools, what the schools were like, and how they helped assimilate Native Americans.
In this essay, the author
- Describes how the united states government's boarding schools of the mid-late 1800s irreparably changed native american culture.
- Explains how the sand creek massacre and the battle of wounded knee pushed native americans onto reservations and took away their human rights.
- Explains that early native american schooling was taught in tribes. tribes used legends as a form of education to teach important lessons like how to live in balance with nature.
- Explains that boarding schools were a crucial tool in changing the culture and language of young native americans.
- Explains how the government changed the culture and rights of native americans by using threats and pressure.
- Analyzes how boarding schools changed the lives of native americans by removing children's names, language, and traditional clothing.
- Explains how missionaries and churches helped establish boarding schools to tame the savage indians. native americans preferred to educate their tribes in their own schools.
- Narrates how they used two photographs, one of children before they were sent to schools and one afterwards, to learn how much native americans have changed in schools.
- Explains that the document is a primary source. it is two reservation surveys. they used it in their paper to show what the government thought of native americans and reservations.
- Explains how the website gave them information on the battle of little bighorn. they also learned about important events, battles, and treaties that pushed native americans onto reservations.
- Explains that the book gave them information on the cherokee tribe and how education affected them. they used facts from this source to talk about schools and specific tribes.
- Explains that this website is a secondary source. they used facts from this source to explain the history of boarding schools and how they influenced native americans.
2260 wordsRead More - Essay On Indian Educationexplanatory essayThis student recognizes that there are two sides to every story, and this argument will probably remain for an extended period of time. However, after gathering all the data from multiple credible sources she does believe that the Indian boarding schools had no place among Native American nations and were destructive to them, because of abuse, the loss of their own culture and language, and forced separation from families and tribes. Many former students admit that the boarding schools effectively taught Native people to view themselves as a sub-class within white American society. What was done to the American Indian nation could be considered as one of the forms of genocide, as explained in the international human rights arena, is "forcibly removing groups of people away from their families and homes.” (Pember 27)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the civilization fund act of 1819 provided funding to mostly religious societies who worked on educating indians, often at schools.
- Explains that the indian boarding school movement began in the post-civil war era after idealistic reformers turned their attention to the matters of indian people.
- Explains that the federal government created two types of schools: the reservation boarding school and day schools, while seeking to educate growing numbers of native children at lower cost.
- Explains that many authors talk about the mistreatment of native children at indian boarding schools in their publications. szasz indicated that the kids were only allowed to speak english, the native languages were forbidden.
- Explains that the strong desire for freedom and the pull of their family combined with severe unhappiness resulted in runaway of many students.
- Explains that students at the boarding schools were not properly cared for and spread serious diseases like tuberculosis, measles, and influenza. the indian office advised disinfecting all textbooks to reduce the chance of spreading disease.
- Explains that hunger among the pupils kept the school afloat, but despite students’ efforts most of the former ones who were interviewed recalled that they never had enough to eat unless they were assigned kitchen duty.
- Explains that native boarding school students were shoved abruptly into a foreign culture. the school's staff demanded that new students learn to follow the euro-american style of child education, which relied on physical punishment.
- Explains that when the pupils entered the schools, they were stripped of any indian and native culture they had adopted and expressed through primary socialization.
- Explains that changing the names of native american children to more european-sounding names was another effort to civilize the savage.
- Explains that the majority of indian schools mandated that all students must attend a christian church service on sundays and celebrate christian holidays.
- Explains that szasz indicated that the first indian boarding schools came under the thumb of the bia.
- Narrates how one of the students of santa fe indian school remembers how they were obedient and didn't question anything.
- Explains that required education for indian children became law in 1893. if parents refused to send their children to boarding school ities could withhold allowances or provisions or send them to jail.
- Explains that each of these schools symbolized an education that removed the students from their homes, their families, and their indigenous communities.
- Explains that thousands of indian children died, tortured, or convinced to believe their own culture was dirt after the boarding schools.
- Explains that despite all the negative evidence against the boarding schools in the united states, not all experiences were damaging for students.
- Explains that many past students experienced poverty, abuse and neglect before entering boarding school. one female student shared: "my mother couldn't take care of me because she was always drunk.
- Narrates how a former student recalls that it was the most stable experience in their life.
- Argues that indian boarding schools had no place among native american nations and were destructive to them, because of abuse, the loss of their own culture and language, and forced separation from families and tribes.
1693 wordsRead More - Racismanalytical essayThe 1884 amendments to the Indian Act served as a particularly important impetus for growth. On the one hand, they made boarding school attendance mandatory for Native children less than 16 years of age. On the other hand, the revised Act gave authorities the power to arrest, transport and detain children at school, while parents who refused to cooperate faced fines and imprisonment (Claes and Clifton, 1998).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the two earlier existing schools, industrial schools and boarding schools were united into residential schools by the canadian government in 1864.
- Explains that aboriginal children were taken away from their families and communities in order to attend residential schools. colonial suppression has disrupted the process of aboriginal cultural identity formation.
- Explains that in the 1840s, the attempts by the churches to "civilize" aboriginal people became a matter of official state policy.
- Explains that the 1884 amendments to the indian act served as a particularly important impetus for growth.
- Explains that the industrial school model was not working by the end of the 20th century. this led the government to shift the focus of its aboriginal education policy from assimilation to segregation.
- Opines that aboriginal children were taken from their families and enrolled in the residential school system during its existence.
- Explains the harmful impacts of residential schools have forever altered the traditional ways of first nation's people of canada.
- Analyzes how residential schools disconnected them from their culture, families, and communities and left them feeling "ashamed" of being born native. two cultures clashed, one dominant and imposing its will on the other.
- Explains that although residential schools closed around 1970, the negative impacts caused by these schools still haunt the lives of many aboriginal individuals.
878 wordsRead More - Absolute True Diary Of Part Time Indian Analysisanalytical essayThe Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, is about a high schooler trying to get away from his futureless culture. Although the book was an easy, amusing read, filled with pictures, and funny captions. Portraying the hopelessness of the Native American people, his culture, in his eyes. By analysing the text you dig past this comedic writing to see the true struggles of a kid our own age. “You’ve been fighting since you
In this essay, the author
- Explains that literature is writing that conveys meaning and ideas after analyzation. great forms of literature can entertain for generations and still be relatable.
- Analyzes how sherman alexie's the absolute true diary of a part time indian portrays the hopelessness of the native american people, his culture, in his eyes.
- Analyzes how harper lee's "to kill a mockingbird" is about young girl facing the turmoil of town filled with prejudice toward race, sex, and handicaps.
- Analyzes how uses multiple literary devices to add more depth to monkey bridge by lan cao. it has a sense of depression, and confusion.
- Analyzes how literature allows people to express and share their understanding of the world for others to experience. in the absolute true diary of a part-time indian, one learns who hard native americans have it, and how destructive prejudices can be.
764 wordsRead More - Native American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansionanalytical essayPeople know about the conflict between the Indian's cultures and the settler's cultures during the westward expansion. Many people know the fierce battles and melees between the Indians and the settlers that were born from this cultural conflict. In spite of this, many people may not know about the systematic and deliberate means employed by the U.S. government to permanently rid their new land of the Indians who had lived their own lives peacefully for many years. There are many strong and chilling reasons and causes as to why the settlers started all of this perplexity in the first place. There was also a very strong and threatening impact on the Native Americans through the schooling that stained the past and futures of Native Americans not only with blood but also with emotion. It was all a slow and painful plan of the "white man" to hopefully get rid of the Indian culture, forever. The Native American schools were created in an attempt to destroy the Native American way of life, their culture, beliefs and tradi...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that native american boarding schools were created in an attempt to destroy the indian culture, beliefs, and traditions.
- Explains that native americans, first mislabeled as indians by christopher columbus, divided themselves into many different tribes, each with its own government, language, traditions and religions. europeans interrupted their peaceful life and would do almost anything to get the land to them selves.
- Explains that by the 1800's most of the native americans signed a treaty with the european american government. the european americans promised to give the indians living on the reservations food, water, money and education for the children.
- Explains that white man's schooling of the native americans caused the disintegration of their beliefs, customs, and ways of life. the native american boarding schools put them through so much pain and confusion.
- Describes the works of native americans, missionaries, and schools.
- Analyzes how christian churches convert indians. native american religion in north america.
592 wordsRead More