More handpicked essays just for you.
The four principles of ethics in healthcare
Ethics and patient autonomy
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Introduction
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Tuskegee Study
The Tuskegee Study that was held in the1932 and lasted for about 40 years. They started this study because of the high rate of syphilis in the black population. Eunice Evers was the main nurse in the Tuskegee Study, although she was trying to help her community out and get everyone treated, there were many things that Ms. Evers did were unethical. Nurse Eunice believed that the government truly wanted to help the black people but at this time, it was before civil rights and believed that blacks and whites were not equal. There main concern was about syphilis spreading to the white population. The federal government led them to believe that they would get the funding for treatment if they would first work on this study, “The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in Negro Male”. They signified that in 6 months or more of doing the study there would be funding for treatment. Unfortunately, that was not the case and throughout the study there were many ethical problems (Miss Evers’ Boys, 1997).
Autonomy was a huge part in this study; the patients could not make the decisions, only the doctors. There were 600 black men that were conducted in the study, that had no education and had no idea what was going on. If they were educated enough to ask questions about what was going on they would be able to make their own decisions and treatments that they wanted. It was the practice for doctors to make decisions for patients. Miss Evers’ encouraged the patients to trust the doctors because they knew what was best. The doctors deliberately neglected to tell the patients of the transition from treatment to no treatment believing “they won’t know the difference.” Doctors consistently withheld information from the patients. The ...
... middle of paper ...
...t and patients who were steered into the study were not smart enough to realize what was happening. Ms. Evers had a major part in this research and could have done something about it but never did, even though she knew it was wrong. Out of the 412 African Americans in the study by 1972 there were only 127 left, which had not died yet from syphilis. Mr. Evers knew what she was doing and felt completely guilty and sorry for what she had done. She said, “Nursing was my life” and she was “doing the best she could.” Nurse Evers tried the best that she could do without loosing her job, but in the end what she was doing and withholding all information from patients she was ethically wrong. Eunice Evers may have done various unethically things but she stated, “I loved those men, they were susceptible to kindness and I gave them all that I could (Miss Evers’ Boys, 1997).”
Oliver, M. N., Wells, K. M., Joy-Gaba, J., Hawkins, C. B., & Nosek, B. A. (2014). Do Physicians' Implicit Views of African Americans Affect Clinical Decision Making? The Journal of American Board of Family Medicine, 27 (2), 177-188. Retrieved from www.jabfm.org
Alan Goldman argues that medical paternalism is unjustified except in very rare cases. He states that disregarding patient autonomy, forcing patients to undergo procedures, and withholding important information regarding diagnoses and medical procedures is morally wrong. Goldman argues that it is more important to allow patients to have the ability to make autonomous decisions with their health and what treatment options if any they want to pursue. He argues that medical professionals must respect patient autonomy regardless of the results that may or may not be beneficial to a patient’s health. I will both offer an objection and support Goldman’s argument. I will
People trust doctors to save lives. Everyday millions of Americans swallow pills prescribed by doctors to alleviate painful symptoms of conditions they may have. Others entrust their lives to doctors, with full trust that the doctors have the patient’s best interests in mind. In cases such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, the Crownsville Hospital of the Negro Insane, and Joseph Mengele’s Research, doctors did not take care of the patients but instead focused on their self-interest. Rebecca Skloot, in her contemporary nonfiction novel The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, uses logos to reveal corruption in the medical field in order to protect individuals in the future.
Ethical violations committed on underprivileged populations first surfaced close to 50 years ago with the discovery of the Tuskegee project. The location, a small rural town in Arkansas, and the population, consisting of black males with syphilis, would become a startling example of research gone wrong. The participants of the study were denied the available treatment in order further the goal of the research, a clear violation of the Belmont Report principle of beneficence. This same problem faces researchers today who looking for an intervention in the vertical transmission of HIV in Africa, as there is an effective protocol in industrialized nations, yet they chose to use a placebo-contro...
Nurse Eunice Evers, the nurse in the Tuskegee syphilis study, played a main role in the experiment. Being a black minority from the south, Miss Rivers, could empathize with the men. In fact, she was the person who recruited many of the men for the study. Nurse Rivers acted as a liaison between the Researchers and the men. She was able to communicate with the men in terms they understood, to ease, and convince them to participate in the study. Nurse Rivers can be described as caring,manipulative and a fool. She was caring because she did care for the men to some extent. When the study first began Miss Rivers truly thought she was part of something bigger, the treatment of syphilitic black men. However, when she finds out the men will not be
The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in the Negro Male population was studied to improve the health of poor African Americans. Men were recruited for this study and were promised free medical examinations, blood tests, and medicines. Bessie disliked going to the doctor, however, she would really not really seek health care knowing the circumstances of this case. Trusting the health care providers is her biggest issue. Not being able to communicate and understand a patient, as a caregiver, would make me not want to go to the doctor as well.
Cohn, Jay N., The Use of Race and Ethnicity in Medicine: Lessons from the African-American Heart Failure Trial, J.L. Med. & Ethics, Race and Ethnicity, Fall 2006, p 552-554.
When penicillin was discovered in 1940 and was the only cure for syphilis at that time. The participants form Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment were excluded from many campaigns that were taking place in Macon County, Alabama to eliminate venereal diseases (Person Education, 2007). This experiment lasted forty years and by the end 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis (info please, 2007). The directors of this experiment used ethical, interpersona... ... middle of paper ... ...
Studies have analyzed how African Americans deal with an enormous amount of disease, injury, death, and disability compared to other ethnic group, and whites, Utilization of health services by African Americans is less frequent than other ethnic groups in the country. This non utilization of services contributes to health disparities amongst African Americans in the United States. Current and past studies have shown that because of discrimination, medical mistrust, racial/ethnic background, and poor communication African Americans tend to not seek medical care unless they are in dire need or forced to seek professional care. African Americans would rather self –medicate than to trust a doctor who might show some type of discriminatory
A multitude of medical ethics were broken during the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, including lack of informed consent, withholding treatment, and deception. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), “The study was conducted without the benefit of patients’ informed consent.” Also, Yoon shed insight
...cessary to help them treat syphilis. Many people died painful deaths and many were affected by this research. Even though there were no laws that stated the ethical procedures of how to conduct a study, the doctors should have done what was right. They should not have lied and should have confronted the African Americans with the truth. From the Tuskegee Study, we now have protocols that protect our human rights and to put life before scientific experiments. Never again, shall something so horrific and unethical happen again.
Medical research in the United States has a disgraceful history of exploitative studies in which African Americans were targets of abuse in the name of medical and scientific progress. African Americans have been used as the testing ground for drugs, treatments, and procedures since the time of slavery. The tolerance of the human frame and the endurance of the soul have been pushed to the limit in many of these experiments. From the physical demands on plantation work and the torturous treatment of slavery to the mental anguish inflicted on a slave’s soul by their masters, blacks have received deplorable treatment sanctioned by a white society. The end of slavery and the ushering in of the twenty first century did not end the torturous treatment and mental abuse. African Americans have been used for medical experimentation without consent for decades. Ironically they are treated as inferior and often given fewer rights than others, but amazingly their cells and bodies are treated as equals in laboratories for medical research, the results of which can save, extend and enhance the lives of others. Although color lines that are drawn in many aspects of life and inequitable treatment doled out based on the depth of the color of one’s skin, actually astounding results from medical experimentation on African Americans has produced drugs, cures and treatments for even those who do not value people of color, leaving the question of ethics and equity hanging in the balance.
Bad blood is a book that was written James H. Jones who is an associate professor of History. The book narrates on how the government through the department of Public Health service (PHS) authorized and financed a program that did not protect human values and rights. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment which was conducted between 1932 and 1972 where four hundred illiterate and semi-illiterate black sharecroppers in Alabama recently diagnosed with syphilis were sampled for an experiment that was funded by the U.S Health Service to prove that the effect of untreated syphilis are different in blacks as opposed to whites. The blacks in Macon County, Alabama were turned into laboratory animals without their knowledge and the purpose of the experiment
Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical reasoning. Inside these connections, it is the limit of a sound individual to make an educated, unpressured decision. Patient autonomy can conflict with clinician autonomy and, in such a clash of values, it is not obvious which should prevail. (Lantos, Matlock & Wendler, 2011). In order to gain informed consent, a patient
The Deadly Deception introduced about whole progress and the aftermath of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. It showed how the US health institution cajoled the poor, black farmers in Alabama