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Bomb calorimeter essay
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Bomb Calorimeter What is bomb calorimeter and why is it a preferable apparatus? The capacity of energy inside a substance is determine using a bomb calorimeter by measuring the heat given out after heating the substance when at least one of the reactant is a gas. And as we all know gases expand so this is where bomb calorimeter plays an important role in which they keep the volume constant by letting the reaction happens in the steel cylinder. In a bomb calorimeter we consider constant volume while the pressure is allowed to change. Many scientists preferred bomb calorimeter because it eradicates heat loss as well as giving a very detailed way to measure enthalpies of combustion. How does bomb calorimeter works and procedures to test it
The development of atomic bomb boosted the level of understanding in terms of physics and chemistry of that particular time period. Physicists started to realize that stable nuclei can be converted to unstable nuclei. Through such process, they discovered that heavy nuclei can undergo nuclear fission. While testing, they added a neutron to an isotope of Uranium 235. This resulted Uranium 235 to become unstable and break down into Barium and Krypton, releasing two to three more neutrons. The breakdown of Uranium 235 is called “fission”. When the released neutrons attach to other isotopes of Uranium 235, this can result in a chain reaction of fission. For every generation of fission, the amount of fission is doubled, and this resulted in an extreme outburst of energy. The amount of energy released by this process is related to Einstein’s famous equation “E=mc^2” (Wolf).
On the lid of the calorimeter, there were two holes and one was being used for the thermometer, and the second one was left open. This hole could have let heat to escape as the reaction was taking place which would have lowered the final temperature value. These conditions would have led to a lower final temperature value. To prevent even the slightest anomalies in the future, any holes on the calorimeter can be covered by tape or another item that could block the passage. The top of the calorimeter could also be covered with aluminum and this would not only cover the holes but would secure the space under the lid so any heat that may escape would stay within the area due to the aluminum. Aluminum could also be tucked in the space between the lid and the calorimeter to once again lock the heat in. This way, the calorimeter will be more effective and maintain all the heat of the reaction resulting in values that are completely accurate and decreasing even the slightest
The purpose of the lab is to understand how to calculate the calorimeter constant by using a calorimeter. This allows us to analyze the heat reaction of different substances. Calorimetry is a word that comes from both Latin and Greek. The prefix “Calor” in Latin signifies heat and the suffix “metry” in Greek means measuring. Therefore the word itself translates to measuring heat. Joseph Black, was the first scientist to recognize the difference between heat and temperature. Energy is always present in chemical and physical changes. The change of energy that occurs when there is a chemical change at constant pressure is called enthalpy. Enthalpy changes , as well as physical and chemical changes, can be measured by a calorimeter. The energy that is released or absorbed by the reaction can be either absorbed or released by the insulating walls of the instrument.
Well, this looks like its using some calculations so what I would do is take my 0.045 M and equal it to the 0.25 mL of NH3 and multiply that by 45.0 mL and multiply it by 10 with an exponent of negative 3. Once all of that is multiplied together we should get an answer of 0.01135 moles of our HCI. Now we can find our “Concentration” Which means we would divide our moles (0.01125) to our vol in liters which is 0.025, once we do that, we get an answer of 0.045M of our NH3. Well, since we are on the topic of pH we know that we can use the formula: pH = -log (H3O+). Then what we would do is plug everything into the formula: pH equals -log (2.4 multiplied by 10 (with an exponent of -5). Once we find the answer to this and we add up all of our calculations, we can come to a conclusion that the answer is: 4.6197 as our pH.
3. Fill up the 50 milliliter beakers all the way up with deionized water. After, use your scopula to scoop out a small portion of one substance and put in into your beaker. Then put your hot plate onto medium temperature and rest the mixture onto the plate.
Development of the Hydrogen Bomb In the world, there is little thing called power. Many countries want to have great power, few get it. Powers gave the Soviet Union and the U.S. the ability to dominate in wars. In the 1950’s during the Cold War these two countries had a race to see who could create the most powerful weapon the world has ever seen, the Hydrogen Bomb. Edward Teller, an atomic physicist, and Stanislaw Marcin Ulam, a mathematician, "who together developed the Teller-Ulam design in 1951" for the Hydrogen Bomb (Teller-Ulam Design).
I also learned about the units of measurement for energy, power, and temperature. The btu, or British thermal unit, is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (Kraushaar and Ristinen 13-14) and the Calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius (1/11/02). A joule is the energy unit for the metric system, and 1055 joules = one btu = 0.252 Calories (1/11/02). Also, we learned that one gallon of gasoline is equal to 124,000 btus, one pound of coal is equal to 13,000 btus, and one cubic foot of natural gas is equal to 1,000 btus (1/11/02).
Sagredo also used the device to prove that lakes of different sizes cooled at different rates, with the smaller ones cooling faster than larger ones. The next advancement of the thermometer after Galileo was by Santorio Santorio during 1612-1624. Santorio also created another precursor to the thermometer, his thermoscope was the first to have included a numerical scale to measure this later helped involve thermoscopes to the thermometer. Like Galileo’s instrument his was also used to measure the temperature of air. The accuracy of this device was very poor and the effects of air pressure cause various results. Santorio created many different instruments trying to mprove on the previous one but all took a long time to measure temperature and the scale used was completely
Experimental Summary: First, my partner and I put the marshmallow and cheese puff on T-pins and used the Electronic Balance to measure the mass of each of them. Next, we put 100 mL of water in the 100 mL Graduated Cylinder and poured it into the 12 oz. soda can. We measured the temperature of the water with the thermometer. After
Measure and record the temperature of the water in the Styrofoam cup. Leave cardboard cover on until the heated metal is ready to be transferred into the calorimeter.
In this lab, I determined the amount of heat exchanged in four different chemical reactions only using two different compounds and water. The two compounds used were Magnesium Hydroxide and Citric Acid. Both compounds were in there solid states in powder form. Magnesium Hydroxide was mixed with water and the change in heat was measured using a thermometer. The next reaction combined citric acid and magnesium hydroxide in water. The change in heat was measured as well. For the third reaction citric acid was placed in water to measure the change in heat. In the last reaction, citric acid was combined with water. The heat exchanged was again measured. It is obvious we were studying the calorimetry of each reaction. We used a calorimeter
Nuclear weapons are categorized into two types of weapons, which are nuclear fission, and fission induced reactions that trigger a fusion reaction. A nuclear fission bomb is also referred as an Atomic Bomb, a fission-induced nuclear weapon is referred to as a thermonuclear weapons and a hydrogen bomb (Union of Concerned Scientists [UCSUSA], 2009, p. 1). Thermonuclear weapons are able to create larger explosions than fission weapons by using fission and fusion instead of deriving their energy solely from fission (UCSUSA, 2009, p. 2). In the “Physics of Nuclear Weapons” the design of thermonuclear weapons is explained by two basic components, which are the “primary” and the “secondary” (“The Physics of Nuclear Weapons, p. 6). These two basic components are also called the Teller-Ulam design, which is a “two-stage bomb”, the basic design for all thermonuclear weapons (Fusion Weapon Physics 2.0 section, para. 1). This report will examine the beginning and development of thermonuclear weapons. Which involves the first thermonuclear weapon detonation in 1952 (“Race for the Superbomb”, para. 1). Also the development from the first thermonuclear weapon to the present day “Boosted” (UCSUSA, 2009, p. 2) and “Neutron” thermonuclear bombs (Nuclear Weapons section, para. 1...
The atomic bomb (also known as the atom bomb, A-bomb , or nuclear bomb) has a destructive power created by the fission of either uranium or plutonium. But, not any isotope of uranium can be used. Only U235 is used in the production of an atom bomb. U235 is very hard to come by due to the fact that it is only present within 0.7% of all natural uranium. In order to separate the U235 isotope from natural uranium a process of enrichment is used. The uranium must be enriched to 90% for actual use in a bomb.
Firstly, a burette was taken and rinsed with distilled water. Then it was rinsed using the provided NaOH solution.
The use of torture has become a prominent matter of dispute as we enter an age of the global war on terror. The debate on whether it has become morally permissible to torture terrorists is argued by many as the legitimacy of such actions are brought into question in a world where global terror is outstanding. With the use of the ticking time bomb scenario, some make a desirable case that in special circumstances, there is a right to torture individuals implicated is acts of mass violence. Yet many would still argue that there are an array of inconsistencies hidden within the ticking bomb scenario and there are no circumstances where torture can be morally permissible, no matter what the consequences may hold.