Biotechnology Paper
Biotechnology products are the yield of engineering labors that process biological material and agents to produce a modified biological substance. Examples of biotechnology drugs are monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA. Monoclonal antibodies are important reagents in the treatment and diagnosis of disease. They have been used for diagnosis of pregnancy, detection of presence and concentration of drugs in the blood, histocompatibility assay, and detecting shed tumor antigens. They are antibodies that are mass produced in a laboratory from a single clone that recognizes only one epitope of a single antigen. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been created artificially and codes for a specific desired protein for harvest. New biotechnology drug discovery begins with identification of cellular and genetic factors that play a role in specific diseases. Chemical and biological substances that target these factors are likely to have drug-like effects and are searched for. If an antigen is identified as a disease causing agent, a monoclonal antibody could be an appropriate therapeutic agent to develop. Or if a single protein is likely to exert a pharmacological effect recombinant DNA may be appropriate.
After the desired chemical substances have been identified, research for production can begin. The processes of recombinant DNA production and Monoclonal antibody production are very different. Most antigens have many antibody binding sites, or epitopes. Therefore, many different antibodies may bind to any one antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are specific for only one antigen epitope. Epitope specificity brings several advantages including dose response predictability and uniformity of batches. In 1975 Kohler and Milstein developed a process that produced monoclonal antibody.
The generation of monoclonal antibodies requires a living organism, normally, a mouse. The first step in monoclonal antibody production is immunization of mice.
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ANS: Specific immunity is when the body produces antibodies to react to an antigen. Non-specific immunity is the body's first reaction to a foreign antigen.
Antigen-antibody interactions cause agglutination if the proper antibody is produced for a particular antigen. Agglutination is when the antibody binds the antigen, and this
First of all, there are specific mechanisms, cells involved and stimulus for antibody production that need to be delineated. The specific mechanisms are activated in response to a specific pathogens. They are also active against a specific pathogen. Specific mechanisms also prevents reinfection gain immunity. The humoral and cell-mediated immune defense mechanisms induced against an infectious agent are specific in nature, i.e. the specific immune mechanisms act only against the microbe against which the responses were induced and not against other microbes. The stimulus for antibody production is an antigen, which is a substance such as bacteria or other agents that the body recognizes as ‘foreign.’
Biotechnology is a growth field that consists of the use of biological systems or living organisms in which technology is developed and applied1. Take a look at IBB in figure 1 below it shows an increasing upward trend in the past 5 years showing the fast expansion and growth of the bio sector. One of the significance and importance of biotechnology is that it covers almost every field. The application of biotechnology can be used for industrial, agricultural and medical purposes. The study of microorganisms and particles can be beneficial to mankind. With a clear understanding of internal body composition and molecular behaviour, vaccines and medications can be produced to treat diseases and conditions. Fruits and vegetables can be modified to grow faster, taste better, resist different temperatures, repels insects, etc2. Although biotechnology has the potential to affect modern society and have a positive impact on the environment, the misuse of such technology can lead to devastating consequences and side effects. The creation of bioweapons, food toxicity, errors in products and many ethical issues are also to be considered with the development of such technology. However, the upside and potential breakthrough in this technology could feed the hungry, reduce environmental or human footprint, develop cleaner and more efficient energy sources, etc. On top of this, the emerging applications in the biotech sector is creating plenty of opportunities for businesses that offer biotech related services for other organisations to make use of3. Examples of these applications and subjects include combinatorial chemistry, bioinformatics, biochips, proteomics and high-throughput screening. However on of the most looked at, compelling and c...
I believe that science is the embodiment of production. Science is what allows us to explore our oceans, colonise the galaxy, and adjust nature to our needing. A biological technician works in a laboratory to perform experiments, and analyze data. I would function as a great biological technician because one must be proficient in a minimum of chemistry, physics, and precalculus, as well as being disciplined, observant, and analytical. These qualities are parallel with my own, and describe the work I would enjoy.
For the production of the monoclonal antibodies, B-cells are removed from the spleen of an animal that has been challenged with the relevant antigen. These B-cell are then fused with myeloma tumor cells that can grow indefinitely in cultures (myeloma is B-cell cancer). This fusion is performed by making the cell membranes more permeable. The fused hybrid cells, being ous cancer oils cells, will multiply rapidly, as a result, large amounts of the desired antibodies will be
It is often referred to as the third wave in biotechnology. The products also have a faster and easier way into the market as the products don’t have the lengthy review times products usually must undergo.
For the biotechnology industry, the future is now. Biotech companies are producing new and improved drugs, mapping the genome, and creating artificial organs and body parts. The advent of these new products will increase the quality of life for those who have access to them. Advancements in the biotechnology field have received a lot attention by the press and publications. They have given the impression that it is almost imperative to learn about this fairly new field of study.
The SRBC (sheep’s red blood cells) were used as an antigen to interact with rabbit’s serum to form antibody-antigen lattice complex in the micro titre plate v-shaped wells. Row A is as a standard to compare with rest of the well. PBS (Phosphate buffered saline) was used as a medium for the antibody and antigen to interact. Three different samples of rabbit’s serum (sera 1, 2 and 3) were prepared. Sera 1 was from rabbit that was not exposed to sheep’s red blood cells (pre-immunised), sera 2 was a 6 days old serum from rabbit that was given one SRBC immunisation and sera 3 was a 7 days old serum which was given a separated 3 immunisation with SRBC. The purpose of the test is to understand the effectiveness of immunisation of SRBC by analysing antigen and antibody interaction in serum (sera 1, sera 2 and sera
Advances in biotechnology can be looked at two ways; both positive and negative. People can also differ in what would qualify as positive and negative. Some may think that tinkering with Deoxyribonucleic acid also know as DNA, should not be allowed at all for any reason. Others believe that manipulating human DNA can have many different benefitial outcomes.
The myriad mysteries of science can be unraveled by the emerging technologies including Biotechnology. Science has always been my interest and forte thus, the choice of Biotechnology as my academic option was the ideal decision. I had prepared for the highly competitive entrance exam AIET to get admission into the integrated Masters Degree in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics at Dr. D.Y. Patil University and secured 87th all over India rank and was proud to gain admission to this venerated university. The academic curriculum has introduced me to amazing subjects like ‘Microbiology’, ‘Molecular Biology’, ‘Biochemistry’, ‘Genetics’ and ‘Industrial Biotechnology’. Although many seminal biological events have been explained in theory during the past century, the technology to harness their potential for benefiting humankind has only been possible during the past few decades. This is testament to the great improvements in biotechnologies and I am glad to be a part of this grand scientific experience.
Josefsberg, J. O. and Buckl. 2012. Vaccine process technology. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 109 (6), pp. 1443--1460.
Also when the problem moved specifically into the regime of the single cell becomes more intriguing and complex. It leads to further challenges in the field of sample preparation in order to make the technology suitable to be used for life sciences. The need for high sensitivity becomes more pressing as the even the most abundant metabolites in the cells are in the millimolar to micromolar range. Fur...