Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: effect of of obesity
Obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. The main goal of this review was to know a safe and effective anti-ghrelin vaccine for obesity, through the chemical conjugation of active ghrelin with NS1 protein tubules from the Bluetongue Virus (BTV) using a hetero-bifunctional cross linker. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that promotes weight gain by increasing appetite and food intake while decreasing energy expenditure All data and information obtained is used to discuss the issues that have been formulated. The data show that immunized animals present increasing titres of anti-ghrelin antibodies, while their cumulative food intake significantly decreased and energy expenditure was significantly enhanced, although there were no significative changes in body weight. This anti ghrelin vaccine using virus-like particles has a positive impact on energy homeostasis and may become an alternate treatment for obesity, to be used in combination with diet and exercise.
Keywords: Obesity, Ghrelin, Vaccine, NS1 protein, The Bluetongue Virus (BTV), Virus-Like Particles
Introduction
Obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths1. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity has been increasing worldwide in the last decades, not only adults but starting as early as in childhood and adolescence1,2,3. More recent estimates suggest that body weight gain will continue to increase, particularly in the younger people4.
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States: more than 20% of adults are clinically obese as defined by a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher, and an additional 30% are ov...
... middle of paper ...
...omeostasis: lifting the lid on a black box. Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59: 385-96.
18. Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 495-522.
19. Lechner F, Jegerlehner A, Tissot AC, et al. Virus-like particles as a modular system for novel vaccines. Intervirology 2002; 45: 212-7.
20. Ghosh MK, Borca MV, Roy P. Virus-derived tubular structure displaying foreign sequences on the surface elicit CD4+ Th cell and protective humoral responses. Virology 2002; 302: 383-92.
21. Mikhailov M, Monastyrskaya K, Bakker T, Roy P. A new form of particulate single and multiple immunogen delivery system based on recombinant bluetongue virus-derived tubules. Virology 1996; 217: 323-31.
22. Dornonville de la Cour C, Lindqvist A, Egecioglu E, et al. Ghrelin treatment reverses the reduction in weight gain and body fat in gastrectomised mice. Gut 2005; 54: 907-13.
Türler, Hans, and Consuelo Salomon. "Simian Virus 40 as a Vector: Recombinant Viruses Expressing Individual Polyoma T Antigens." Virus research 54.2 (1998): 133-45. .
Kotidis EV, Koliakos GG, Baltzopoulos VG, Ioannidis KN, Yovos JG, Papavramidis ST. Serum ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin levels before and after weight loss: comparison of three methods of treatment--a prospective study. Obes Surg. 2006;16(11):1425-32.
Obesity remains an extremely serious issue worldwide. Once considered a problem for wealthier counties, overweight and obesity are now dramatically increasing in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). In American, the rates of obesity continue to soar. CDC (2009) recognizes obesity as a risk factor for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and other health problems. According to NHANES over two-thirds of the US are overweight or obese, and over one-third are obese (CDC, 2009). Treatment for this illness varies; it may include the incorporation of diet, exercise, behavior modification, medication, and surgery. Since there is no single cause of all overweight and obesity, there is no single way to prevent or treat overweight and obesity that will help everyone (CDC, 2009).
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
...in animals latently infected by two vaccine strains. A recent work has shown that virulent recombinants have been obtained by in vitro recombination between attenuated
Sullivan, N., Geisbert, T., Geisbert, J., Shedlock, D., Ling, X., Lamoreaux, L., et al. (2006). Immune Protection of Nonhuman Primates against Ebola Virus with Single Low-Dose Adenovirus Vectors Encoding Modified GPs. PLoS Medicine, 3(5), e177-0873. http://search.ebscohost.com, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030177
instrument of the advancement of obesity is not fully recognized and it is understood to be a
As you know obesity is a major healthcare issue globally. Scientist are still trying to understand this complex problem . Metabolism and behavioral factors appear to play a role in this serious condition. Food that our bodies do not immediately use or burn is stored as fat. This accumulation of fat can lead to weight gain, which can lead to obesity. We can fight obesity with simple nutritional changes and with a change in our everyday lives. Amercian views on obesity are not as strong as they should be .Obesity is a condition which is usually defined as person's body mass index (BMI). Obesity can also used as a general term for a person that has an excessive amount of body fat. Many people have argued that the obesity epidemic is very overblown and inaccurate, but they do not deny that obesity overall are indeed serious. A epidemic is a disease in which new cases appear in numbers far greater than what is expected. It was seen as a sign of h...
Wang BZ, Quan FS, Kang SM, Bozja J, Skountzou I, Compans RW. Incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin into influenza virus-like particles enhances the breadth of immune responses. Journal of virology. 2008 Dec;82(23):11813-23. PubMed PMID: 18786995. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC2583664. Epub 2008/09/13. eng.
Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty-two percent of women within the United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life-altering diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc. (Wilmore, et al., 2008).
Ghrelin is created by the stomach and is known, as a peptide released endocrine cells commonly found with in the stomach’s lining. Ghrelin is responsible in sending a message to the brain activating the hunger meanwhile deactivating the satiety cell. It counteracts leptin to increase metabolic efficiency to stimulate a person’s appetite. When your stomach begins to growl it is producing ghrelin. However, the other hormone coming from fat cells are responsible in creating leptin, which acts as a regulator, however, does quite the opposite of ghrelin hormone it turns on the satiety cell and turns off the hunger cell. In obesity fat cells are increasingly high resulting in high leptin levels. However, a combination of obesity and a high insulin levels may cause the stomach cells that produce ghrelin to turn off lowering the levels of ghrelin. Over a period of time with a high level of leptin can lead to the satiety cell becoming insensitive to leptin decreasing ghrelin levels resulting in hunger cells becoming hypersensitive to ghrelin. Although, the leptin levels are high and the ghrelin are low the hunger cells are on meanwhile the satiety cells are off (NCBI,
Lebrausser, Nathan K. "'Weight Training' Reduces Fat And Improve Metabolism In Mice." Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. Science Daily, 7 Feb. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2011. .
Metcalf, T., & Metcalf, G. (Eds.). (2008). Perspectives on Diseases and Disorders: Obesity. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Cengage Learning
Due the impact that this disease could have around the wold, it has been efforts to develop a tetravalent vaccine that creates ...
Josefsberg, J. O. and Buckl. 2012. Vaccine process technology. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 109 (6), pp. 1443--1460.