Behaviors Caused by Hypothalamic and Thalamic Lesions
In the field of neuropsychology, the area in the brain that
includes the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the subthalamus is
referred to as the subcortex diencephalon (Kalat 2004). In the
following section, lesions to these specific areas will be
discussed. The results of the lesions will be addressed from the
perspective of a neuropsychologist. Neuropsychological
assessment refers to the objective evaluation of the cognitive,
linguistic, perceptual, and psychomotor performances of a person
with the aim of relating the status of his/her performances to
the structural and functional condition of his/her brain
(Steinhauer, Gruzelier, & Zubin 1991). Neuropsychological
assessment can be approached from an experimental method in
which the researcher has greater control of the variables
affecting the situation but, generalization is more difficult
and human subjects cannot be used in studies (Finger 1978). A
clinical method is also used and, although this method does not
experience the benefit of complete control, brain-behavior
relationships are much easier to study because human subjects
can be used in this method (Finger 1978). Both methods are
usually combined to produce the most efficient and helpful
information for the patient. The most prominent
neuropsychological tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale, the Halstead-Reitan battery, and the Wechsler Memory
Scale (Steinhauer et. al. 1991). These tests provide the
opportunity to analyze the components of performance and then
identify probable disabilities that would explain the defective
performance (Steinhauer, et. al. 1991). The main issue that will
be examined in this section will be behavioral effects of
lesions to specific parts of the hypothalamus and the thalamus.
The hypothalamus is located near the base of the brain and
is ventral to the thalamus (Dimond 1978, Kalat 2004). The
hypothalamus is part of the limbic system and is responsible for
motivational behaviors including emotion, eating, drinking,
sexual activity, anxiety and aggression (Kalat 2004, Dimond
1978, Isaacson 1982, Beaumont 1983). The hypothalamus has
widespread connections to the rest of the forebrain and also to
the midbrain (Kalat 2004). The hypothalamus contains a number of
distinct nuclei including the lateral nucleus which controls the
initiation of eating and drinking, the ventromedial nucleus
which controls the stopping of eating and drinking, the
paraventricular nucleus which limits meal size, the supraoptic
nucleus which controls the secretion of vasopressin, the
suprachiasmic nucleus which constitutes the biological clock,
Dr. Correia has done many internships and fellowships in multiple places. Before acquiring his Doctorate, Dr. Correia had an internship at the Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Gainesville, Florida for a year. After getting his Ph.D. he had two fellowships at the Brown Medical School dealing with Neuropsychology and Dementia Research in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior. Dr. Correia has been awarded countless times including his most recent Outstanding Teaching Award in Psychology at the Alpert Medical School at Brown University.
In July 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) listed the budget of the United States Postal Service as “high risk” and recommended oversight from Congress and the Executive Branch. Specifically, the GAO stated that “Amid challenging economic conditions and a changing business environment, USPS is facing a deteriorating financial situation in which it does not expect to cover its expenses and financial obligations in fiscal years 2009 and 2010” (“Restructuring”, 2009, pg. 1). The GAO claimed that the mail volume in 2009 would likely decrease by about 28 billion as compared to 2008 and that the USPS would likely see declining volumes for the next five years (“Restructuring”, 2009, pg. 1). Clearly, the USPS is currently facing a dire financial situation in which major reforms are needed to ensure the long term success of the agency. In this policy review, I will focus specific attention on the Private Express Statutes, which grant the Postal Service a monopoly on first class mail. As I will argue here, the Private Express Statutes should be repealed on economic and historical grounds.
The amount of letters commissioned in America has been steadily decreasing on a daily basis. The majority of citizens are now sending their letters via e-mail or other methods of technology. Postal service companies such as USPS are struggling to keep business thriving. To compete with the technological advances in modern America, USPS should restructure their postal systems by terminating unessential delivery days and strategically limiting postal branches in order to conserve government money.
...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007).
The response from these offenders is of remorse; understanding of the effect on their victims, as well as an understanding of the potential effect continued criminal behavior could have personally. Does restorative justice work if implemented early on in our judicial system and will it have an effect on recidivism? Will this restorative approach work for violent crimes and will restorative justice reduce recidivism in violent criminals? Sherman et al. (2015) concluded that restorative justice, specifically RJC’s are effective in reducing recidivism as well as costs to criminal justice systems amongst willing participants, which is the foundation of the restorative justice process, the willingness of all involved. However is this restorative process feasibly possible with violent criminals without regard to the cost effectiveness and solely to the ideal of reducing repeat offenders. Sherman and Strang (as cited by Braswell, McCarthy and McCarthy, 2015) state, “…these programs show promise for reduced recidivism and increased victim satisfaction, even with violent offenses” (p. 174). The mere fact that offenders are given the opportunity to address, provide reparation through actions, and amend for their behavior is proving to be an aspect of justice that more judicial systems are willing to evaluate and possibly
As a retired United States Postal employee, I can say from experience that becoming a postal employee is a life changing and rewarding experience. It’s conveys a sense of pride and accomplishment at the end of the workday. Furthermore, it can be an outstanding opportunity for someone without a degree or with limited formal education. Working for the Postal Service has the potential to improve a person’s quality of life with exceedingly competitive compensation and benefits. I began working for the Postal Service as a temporary employee, worked my way up through the ranks, and retired as a manager.
Conclusion…..”You don’t have to be a psych nurse to encounter patients experiencing psychiatric emergencies”. (Marlene Nadler-Moodie, 2010)
Umbreit, M. S. (1998). Restorative Justice Through Victim-Offender Mediation: A Multi-Site Assessment. Western Criminology Review, 1(1). Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v1n1/umbreit.html
Pros of the restorative justice system are that it brings parties together in crime. Instead of a short term goal, the restorative justice system takes a long-term approach to reducing crime and violence using different kinds of methods. In restorative justice programs, offenders work with others affected by their criminal actions. Restorative justice promotes instilling positive behaviors in young criminals and teaching long-lasting changes in behavior to prevent future crimes. There also could be negative consequences from the restorative justice system. For restorative justice to work, criminals and their victims must communicate about the crime and its consequences. Since violent crimes often leave victims feeling helpless and vulnerable, encouraging communication can result in increased anxiety and fear. Additionally, communication might breach confidentiality for victims of violent crimes, such as rape and assault, because they must discuss the outcome of the crime and how it has impacted
The report will critique Woodcock Johnson III Diagnostic Reading Battery (WJ III DRB) and compare my report to the Mental Measurement Yearbook (MMY). The assessment will include the evaluation, in relation to Woodcock et al.’s (1989) WJ III DRB, on the description and purpose of such tests along with ease of use, administrating and interrupting results based on converting raw scores to standard scores including analyzing the results. Finally, assess the overall quality of the test.
The United States Postal Service is a reliable, excellent, and efficient delivery service. Overall customer rating of any business makes it a profitable and reliable industry. The post office has met these expectations and has gone above and beyond to serve their customers. This delivery service and its employees contribute in many ways to citizens across the nation. They are the best shipping industry in the United States.
Choi, J., Gilbert, M., & Green, D. (2013). Patterns of victim marginalization in victim-offender mediation: some lessons learned. Crime, Law and Social Change, 59(1), 113-132
This approach has introduced a criminal justice policy agenda. In the past, victims to criminal activities have been outsiders to the criminal conflict. In recent times, many efforts have been made to give the victims a more central role in the criminal justice system. Some of these efforts were introduced a few years back, though even at that time, these efforts were seen as long overdue. Some of these efforts include access to state compensation and forms of practical support. For advocates of restorative justice, crime is perceived primarily as a violation of people and relationships, and the aim is to make amends for all the harm suffered by victims, offenders and communities. The most commonly used forms of restorative justice include direct mediation, indirect mediation, restorative cautioning, sentencing panels or circles and conferencing. In recent...
When looking at the Criminal Justice system there are so many different elements make up the system to create a whole, it is sometimes hard to grasp every element. Throughout history people and governments alike have tried to figure out cost saving yet efficient strategies to keep offenders from reoffending and out of jail. Restorative justice is one of these elements; created to focus on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. Within the realm of restorative justice there are many different types of procedures and programs from alternate dispute resolution to veteran trauma courts and everything in-between. Not everyone will agree that these specialty courts and procedures
The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, the one of the oldest independent government institute obviously manage by the United States constitution, which provides the postal service for people in the country. Since 1775, when Benjamin Franklin was selected at the first Postmaster General of the United States, the U.S. Postal Service has become an institution which is established in order to provide the service of processing, transporting and delivering the mail to the people all around the United State. In the past, the U.S. Postal Service has instantaneously investigated new technologies for continue improving the service, but they are not enough to compare with the new modern technology