Behavioral aspects focus on crimes that have patterns and regiments to it. The legal definition must be present to understand the behavioral aspect of the crime. This is the actus reas and mens rea. For a crime to be committed successfully, skills and techniques are needed. These are the tools of the trade or prerequisites. This is how the offender masters different tools that make committing their crime possible. Thirdly, Criminal transaction is the actual of act of committing the crime. This the back information about who, what, where, when, and setting of how the crime was committed. This section includes individuals that participated in the crime. This is the offender, victim, and bystanders to the crime. The next step is the persistence …show more content…
To truly understand a criminal, you must know what their thinking. To understand this, you must know their intent when the criminal act occurs. Cognitive aspect focuses on whether the offender has clarity and coherence when they commit the crime. This can help determine if the crime was expressive and instrumental. Expressive being an emotional based crime. Instrumental being a thought out, emotionless, crime. For instrumental crimes, criminal planning is the next step. This consists of the mens rea and criminal rational decision making. Thirdly, to clear all slate of guilt, criminals must rationalize the guilt. They give reasons to why their crimes aren’t that bad. This is a cognitive exercise that pushes the guilt away from themselves. Many businesses starting off are creating rules and regulations as they expand. This gives them leeway to commit crimes. This causes a slippery slope to occur in daily businesses. Embezzlement is an instrumental crime because thought and motivation must go into the crime. It’s also easy to push blame aside in business, just by saying, “I was following …show more content…
This explains the criminal subculture. This is cultural based criminal learning. This is when the criminals are molded by other more seasoned offenders. Criminals can work in groups or alone, this depends on the crime and the personality of the offender. There are 5 types of criminal organizational alignments. Loners work alone, and aren’t intermingled with other criminals. Colleagues are individuals that work alone, but know others that are also committed similar crimes. Peers are the offenders that are working together loosely. This is a free for all relations, with loose relationship ties. Teams are stable partnerships. These are individuals working in teams. They have an agreement to do the criminal act together. Formal organizations are structured groups. These are high level criminal groups; such as cooperation’s. Embezzlement crime and employee crimes aren’t something that are learned by yourself. You learn the tricks of the trade through other employees. Formal organization crimes are team efforts in stealing money. Employee crimes are learned from employees that have been working their longer, and have been doing it longer; colleagues. All the 5 types of the criminal organizational alignments are present in white collar
Crimes are deliberate acts, with the intent of benefiting the offender. 2. Benefiting unsuccessfully in choosing the best decisions because of the risks and uncertainty involved. 3. Decision making significantly varies with the nature of the crime. 4. Involvement decisions are quite different from the commission (event decision) of a specific act. 5. Involvement decisions are divided into three stages: first time involvement (initiation), continued involvement (habituation) and ceasing to offend (desistance), 6. Event decisions include a sequence of choices made at each stage of the criminal act, involvement model, background factors and situational life styles, initiation (of becoming involved in a crime), habituation (deciding to continue with crime), distance (deciding to stop criminal behavior) and event model – criminal even
Secondly, differential association varies based on the intensity, duration, frequency, priority, and timing of one’s process of learning. Through this notion, the individual’s self is disregarded and more emphasis is placed on the extrinsic factors. Furthermore, “it is an individual’s experiences and the ways in which the individual defines those experiences which constitute to the learning of criminality”. (Gongenvare & Dotter, 2007,
There are also two subtypes of white-collar crime: occupational crime and organizational crime. Individuals usually commit occup... ... middle of paper ... ... f these factors influence why white-collar criminals tend to get away with more than street criminals.
...ical and physical satisfaction from the acts. Understanding of psychological theories helps criminologists to design appropriate correctional strategies to mitigate crime.
The installment of new security could even be a problem, for people who operate these new security systems could also be a potential thief. There is an approach among many enterprises that it is simpler to easily excuse the employee who committed the offense, instead of dealing with the law and the officers; and follow through with the money and time by prosecuting in order to seek restitution. Sometimes the firm does not to acquire the negative publicity that has to do with the internal offense, especially when their reputation is predominant to their company model. White-collar crime is often categorized as a crime without a victim, damaging only large, objective corporations. Recent news broadcasts portray nothing could be farther from the absolute truth.
white-collar crime” (Shapiro, S. P.). It is no surprise to anyone that positions of trust regularly decentralize to corporations, occupations, and “white-collar” individuals. Nevertheless, the concept of “white-collar crime” involves a false relationship between role-specific norms and the characteristics of those who typically occupy these roles. Most of the time, it is the offender that is looked at more than the crime itself and assumptions about the individuals automatically come into play. It has be to acknowledged that “ class or organizational position are consequential and play a more complex role in creating opportunities for wrongdoing and in shaping and frustrating the social control process than traditional stereotypes have allowed” (Shapiro, S. P.). The opportunities to partake in white-collar crime and violate the trust in which ones position carries are more dependent upon the individuals place in society, not just the work place. The ways in which white-collar criminals establish and exploit trust are an important factor in truly exploring and defining the concept of white-collar crime.
The forms of bribery and embezzlement have been around longer than dirt. The earliest white-collar crime, that was documented, dates back to the 15th century in England. The law was forced upon society in 1473 in response to embezzlement, or also recognized as the Carrier’s Case. In this situation, a wool representative gave a man his trust in transporting. Unfortunately, the man ended up attempting to steal some of the wool for himself. Although, these terms were known around this time, the concept of the crime wasn’t well understood until around the 20th century ("History of White-Collar Crime”).
White collar and corporate crimes are crimes that many people do not associate with criminal activity. Yet the cost to the country due to corporate and white collar crime far exceeds that of “street” crime and benefit fraud. White collar and corporate crimes refer to crimes that take place within a business or institution and include everything from Tax fraud to health and safety breaches.
There are seven elements of crime that define if an act is a crime. However, the definition does not detail if all seven elements must be present to consider an act a crime. In the criminal justice arena someone's actions are considered a crime if more than one element is displayed. The seven elements are listed as harm, legality, actus reus, mens rea, causation, concurrence, and punishment. When considering illegal drug use, prostitution, and gambling in relation to these seven element the following is learned.
Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, Application. Akers Ronald L., Sellers Christine S. 2013. Retrieved from http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199844487/guide1/study_guide.pdf
In the twentieth century, White Collar and Organized Crimes have attracted the attention of the U.S. Criminal Justice System due to the greater cost to society than most normal street crime. Even with the new attention by the Criminal Justice System, both are still pretty unknown to the general public. Although we know it occurs, due to the lack of coverage and information, society does not realize the extent of these crimes or the impact. White Collar and Organized is generally crime committed by someone that is considered respectable and has a high social status. The crimes committed usually consist of fraud, insider trading, bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, identity theft or forgery. One person would not normally commit all of these but likely one or the other.
In order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the criminal behavior theories, the word theory needs to be defined. “A theory is an explanation. It tells why or how things are related to each other. A theory of crime explains why or how a certain thing or certain things are related to criminal behavior.” (Bohn and Vogel)
White collar crime was first defined by an American sociologist from Nebraska, Edwin Sutherland, in 1939. He defined it as “A crime committed by a person of respectability or of high social status in the course of his occupation”. Now days, it is defined as “A crime that is financially motivated non- violent and committed by business or government professionals.” White collar criminals do not use violence to obtain the money but instead they use deceit and concealment, they misuse their power and trust. It is often seen as a less serious crime although we hear about these types of crime in the news all the time. The most common types of white collar crime are embezzlement, tax evasion, money laundering.
Fraud and white-collar crime are common forms of crimes that people commit in various aspects and positions in the corporate world. Fraud and white-collar crimes have similar meaning as they refer to the non-violent crimes that people commit with the basic objective of gaining money using illegal means. The cases of white-collar crimes have been increasing exponentially in the 21st century due to the advent of technology because fraudsters apply technological tools in cheating, swindling, embezzling, and defrauding people or organizations. White-collar crime is a complex issue in society because its occurrence is dependent on many factors such as organizational structure, organization culture, and personality traits. Thus, the literature review examines how organizational structure, organizational culture, and personality traits contribute to the occurrence of white-collar crimes.
Criminology is the study of crime and criminals; a branch of sociology. More accurately, it is the study of crime as a social trend, and its overall origins, its many manifestations and its impact upon society as a whole. That makes it more a form of sociology than a law enforcement tool. But the trends it studies have a huge impact on the way the police do their jobs, the way society treats its criminals, and the way a given community goes about maintaining law and order. The writer will describe and give examples of the three perspectives of viewing crimes. The perspectives that will be highlighted are the consensus view, the conflict view or the interactionist view. Each perspective maintain its own interpretation of what constitutes criminal activities and what causes people to engage in criminal behaviors (Siegel, p.12).