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Roosevelt's New Deal and the impact on Americans economy and people
Roosevelt's New Deal and the impact on Americans economy and people
Roosevelt's New Deal and the impact on Americans economy and people
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The Slums of the Urban Crisis The nineteenth century “Urban Crisis” featured a period of poverty, “white flight”, redlining, and urban redevelopment. During the 1930s America was slowly recovering from the great Depression and President Roosevelt had developed a New Deal. Since money was a major factor that led to the stock market crash, Roosevelt had to create plans that would allow America to balance its wealth. This meant that individuals would be able to receive jobs and would have enough funds to provide for their families. Shortly after these plans, white Americans migrated to the suburbs and slums were cleared. This opened up many job positions and the majority of Americans were able to work. However, this left out the poor individuals and the terms of the plan only gave minorities opportunities for low waged jobs. “Vanishing Jobs in Racialized America” by Nelson Lichtenstein features the author Thomas Sugrue who “redefined a chronology of racial conflict and urban decline” (Lichtenstein 2). Sugrue observed that American leaders constructed the new deals in a way that placed limits upon minorities. This included them receiving the worst jobs and being pushed into separate neighborhoods. Sugrue’s perspective is only one of the many claims that scholars posed while talking about slums. It was difficult to determine who was responsible for the way that black inner city neighborhoods developed. The U.S. leaders, redevelopment policies, and minorities were three of the suspected causes of the urban crisis. Despite the many accusations, most scholars identify with the idea that inner city people were all affected negatively impacted by the Urban Crisis. Isolation, a loss of ambition and disorganizations are three of the key ... ... middle of paper ... ...onclusions. Bibliography Elijah, Anderson. "5. The Code of the Streets." In After the War on Crime: Race, Democracy, and a New Reconstruction, 73. New York: NYU Press, 2008. Project MUSE, EBSCOhost (accessed May 4, 2014). Kaufman, Bruce E. 2012. "WAGE THEORY, NEW DEAL LABOR POLICY, AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION: WERE GOVERNMENT AND UNIONS TO BLAME?. " Industrial & Labor Relations Review 65, no. 3: 501-532. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 1, 2014). Leinberger, Christopher B. 2008. "The Next Slum?." Atlantic Monthly (10727825) 301, no. 2: 70-75. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed May 1, 2014). Lichtenstein, Nelson. 2000. "Vanishing Jobs in a Racialized America." Radical History Review no. 78: 178-188 Alternative Press Index, EBSCOhost (accessed April 28, 2014).
The street code is a very important concept when talking about the world of the inner city. In Anderson’s words, the code of the
“Gentrification is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district's character and culture.” (Grant) In layman’s terms, gentrification is when white people move to a black neighborhood for the sake of cheaper living, and in turn, raise up property values and force black neighbors to leave because of a higher price of living. Commonly, the government supports gentrification with the demolition of public housing in areas that are developing with more white neighbors. This is causing a decreasing amount of African Americans to be able to afford to live in the neighborhood as their homes are taken away from them, forcing them to relocate. Whilst gentrification normally has negative connotations, there are several people who believe gentrification brings about “an upward trend in property values in previously neglected neighborhoods.” (Jerzyk) On the other hand, this new trend in property value and business causes those...
A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 explains in detail how the author deciphers the ghettoization process in Cleveland during the time period. Kusmer also tries to include studies that mainly pertained to specific black communities such as Harlem, Chicago, and Detroit, which strongly emphasized the institutional ghetto and dwelled on white hostility as the main reasons as to why the black ghetto was
Before African Americans moved to this area, Harlem was “designed specifically for white workers who wanted to commute into the city” (BIO Classroom). Due to the rapid growth of white people moving there and the developers not having enough transportation to support those people to go back and forth between downtown to work and home most of the residents left. Th...
Newark began to deteriorate and the white residents blamed the rising African-American population for Newark's downfall. However, one of the real culprits of this decline in Newark was do to poor housing, lack of employment, and discrimination. Twenty-five percent of the cities housing was substandard according to the Model C...
Goetz, Edward G.. New Deal ruins: race, economic justice, and public housing policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. Print.
Mistrust between the police and black community in Chicago only lent violence as an answer to their problems, leading to a violent riot. James Baldwin, an essayist working for true civil rights for African-Americans, gives first-hand accounts of how black people were mistreated, and conveys how racial tensions built up antagonism in his essays “Notes of a Native Son,” and “Down at the Cross.” In the mid and late 1910’s, a mass movement of African-Americans from the South to cities in the North took place.... ... middle of paper ... ... 2004 http://www.uic.edu/orgs/kbc/ganghistory/Industrial%20Era/Riotbegins.html.
Mike Davis in his book Planet of Slums, discusses the Third World and the impact globalization and industrialization has on both urban and poverty stricken cities. The growth of urbanization has not only grown the middle class wealth, but has also created an urban poor who live side by side in the city of the wealthy. Planet of Slums reveals astonishing facts about the lives of people who live in poverty, and how globalization and the increase of wealth for the urban class only hurts those people and that the increase of slums every year may eventually lead to the downfall of the earth. “Since 1970 the larger share of world urban population growth has been absorbed by slum communities on the periphery of Third World cities” (Davis 37). Specifically,
In The Promised Land, Nicholas Lehmann follows the stories of black migrants, politicians, and bureaucrats through the Great Migration, and attempts to explain the decline of northern cities, the constant liberty struggle of blacks across America, and government response to the issues surrounding the Great Migration. This work signalled a drastic change from the structured approach of Thomas Sugrue’s, The Origins Of The Urban Crisis, which observes the effects of institutions and human agency on postwar Detroit and its marginalized peoples. Both Sugrue and Lemann had (albeit slightly different) holistic views of the political climate of postwar cities, which helped provide context for prejudices towards blacks and the poor, and subsequently
A major economic struggle after the Great Depression for many Americans, including African Americans, was how they would be able to provide enough income to keep themselves and their families financially stable. Most African Americans worked in agriculture or as domestic servants. “As the ‘last hired and first fired,’ African Americans were hit hardest by the Depression. With an unemployment rate double that of whites, blacks benefited disproportionally from direct government relief, and especially in northern cities, jobs on the New Deal public-works projects.” Since some African Americans were also veterans at this time, they qualified for the G.I. Bill (1944), which provided massive federal funding to U.S. veterans for education, job training and placement, small business loans, and home loans. Unfortunately, just like other New Deal programs, this bill was not equally administered equitably along racial lines, because only the white race was considered superior to the others. In order to continue increasing their salaries, many African Americans had to move to a different location in order to find new jobs. The Second Great Migration helped expand the workforce. African Americans were attracted to new jobs in the North and West, so they left everything behind and moved to a completely new area. This migration proved to be even l...
An outburst in growth of America’s big city population, places of 100,000 people or more jumped from about 6 million to 14 million between 1880 and 1900, cities had become a world of newcomers (551). America evolved into a land of factories, corporate enterprise, and industrial worker and, the surge in immigration supplied their workers. In the latter half of the 19th century, continued industrialization and urbanization sparked an increasing demand for a larger and cheaper labor force. The country's transformation from a rural agricultural society into an urban industrial nation attracted immigrants worldwide. As free land and free labor disappeared and as capitalists dominated the economy, dramatic social, political, and economic tensions were created. Religion, labor, and race relations were questioned; populist and progressive thoughts were developed; social Darwinism and nativism movements were launched.
Policing, Race, and Criminal Injustice." Human Rights. Spring 2009: 6. SIRS Issues Researcher. Pritchard, Justin.
Staples, Brent. “Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space.” 50 Essays. Ed. Samuel Cohen.
In the report A New Form of Social Dislocation in the Inner-City Ghetto, William Julius Wilson analyzes three research studies conducted in Chicago between 1986 and 1993. In these studies, Wilson identifies a new type of poverty, which he coins jobless poverty. Jobless poverty represents the growing number communities that are compromised of a high percentage of unemployed individuals. These communities have the same recurrent themes of isolation in inner-city ghettos where the surrounding area is abandon, desolate or deserted of economic opportunities and community benefits. In contrast to living in employed poverty or unemployed poverty in neighborhoods of high employment, jobless poverty causes negative effects that lead to individuals and their families becoming stuck in a continuous cycle of jobless poverty. As a result of these negative effects, it is important to consider policy solutions that would address this growing problem and provide opportunities for individuals to escape the cycle of jobless poverty. The most affective solutions to jobless poverty are more mixed-use developments and a larger public transportation networks.
In Jane Jacobs’s acclaimed The Life and Death of Great American Cities, she intricately articulates urban blight and the ills of metropolitan society by addressing several binaries throughout the course of the text. One of the more culturally significant binaries that Jacobs relies on in her narrative is the effectively paradoxical relationship between diversity and homogeneity in urban environments at the time. In particular, beginning in Chapter 12 throughout Chapter 13, Jacobs is concerned greatly with debunking widely held misconceptions about urban diversity.