Based on our results, the majority of participants that perceived the targets to be involved in a relationship acknowledged that their reasoning was highly influenced by the hickeys that were present. For example, participants would say that this target is in a relationship because the hickeys are indicative of involvement. Though it can not be statistically supported that hickeys indicate relationship status, there does seem to be a strong relationship between the two variables. Since the majority of the participants` responses were because of the presence of the hickeys, it can be inferred that hickeys present on one`s body can possibly represent a mark of territory thus one with hickeys would be perceived as involved in a relationship.
Data revealed that males are perceived as higher risk-takers and being more socially dominant, but females were rated as being more sexually dominant. Consistent with the evolutionary perspective, those with hickeys visibly seen are rated as being more promiscuous,sexually desirable, and bigger risk-takers which supports our original hypotheses. Those with hickeys visibly seen are rated as being more socially dominant which did not support our original hypotheses being that those with hickeys would be perceived as more submissive in general. Approaching significance but of notable interest, those with visible hickeys were rated as being more sexually dominant as well as more romantically desirable. Males with hickeys are perceived as bigger risk takers, and as more sexually desirable than males with out hickeys. Females with hickeys are also viewed as bigger risk-takers, and as more sexually desirable than females without hickeys. Both findings support our original hypotheses. Between the tw...
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...le. We also intend on adding in more demographics such as the participants own relationship status, and if he/she gives hickeys plus their reasons why they do or do not to shed some more light on the subject. We also hope to increase the amount of males that are represented in the study in order to hopefully investigate the differences in perceptions of hickeys between males and females. Because this line of research is fairly new to the field, there is sparse information we can find about hickeys in particular. There are vast amounts of literature on territory marking, but there is little that actually focuses on marks of territory on the actually body of a human. Based on how much physical appearance is assessed in society, especially when involving potential mates, are main focus is to continue investigating how hickeys are perceived and what they might indicate.
Body modifications, with the focus of tattoos, have existed in our society for centuries and the way in which it is perceived has changed somewhat over the years, yet certain dishonors still remain our modern day. Like most body modifications, tattoos are an often misunderstood form of body modification. Despite the stigmas, tattoos have become a unique object of desire to endless diverse groups of people. But are the popular assumptions of tattoos out of sync with the true meaning behind them? Further explanation and exploration of the history will reveal the social and cultural practices of tattooing and the causal connection between the mind and the tattooed body, in addition to providing answers as to why tattoos stimulate uneasiness and curiosity and create a challenge to discursive practices.
In today’s society oral piercing and tattoos are considered a form of self-expression and body art. It is most common among people between the ages of 18 and 30 years old. Those who chose to have tongue piercing and oral tattoos believe that it reflects fashion, a daring personality, independence, and their sexuality. In other cases oral piercings and oral tattoos may be done because of the need for acceptance into a peer group, desire to assert individuality, or for spiritual
Sexuality is a constant, perpetual state in which we are all engaging. When we wake up in the morning we consider how we can make ourselves more appealing to others through our dress, hair, makeup and even scent. We are constantly looking for our ‘perfect’ mate. When we find them we often have common interests, opinions, hobbies, and sexual preferences. When you are with your partner could it cause you to perceive that others are engaging in the same behavior as you? Have you ever considered what is actually the ‘normal’ behavior for someone your age and gender? I will explain some of the theories currently available for behaviors and explore a new relationship between the false consensus effect and perception of other’s sexual activity. Currently there is boundless research on both sexual activities and the false consensus effect, but there is a lack of data relating the two. Through this research I hope to provide a correlation between the frequency and activities participated in and the perception of other’s activities.
In the journal titled “To Ink or Not to Ink: The Meaning of Tattoos Among College Students”, the authors discuss how students in college feel about tattoos. They address how many people do or do not have a tattoo, the meaning behind the tattoos, and why the non-tattooed students have chosen not to get one. The students with tattoos were said to of taken time to decide what their tattoos was going to be of, where they were going to have it done, and the placement of
The study refers to relational maintenance as “the action and activities romantic partners use to sustain desired relational definitions” (Bolkan and Goodboy, 327). Studies show prosocial behaviors, where openness, positivity, assurance, social networks, shared tasks, and conflict management are the primary functions with a relationship are defined as operationalized maintenance (Bolkan and Goodboy, 328). Conversely, antisocial or avoidance strategies are utilized in negative relational maintenance. These methods of maintaining a romantic relationship are categorized by jealousy induction, avoidance, destructive conflict, allowing control, spying, and infidelity (Bolkan and Goodboy, 328). Often partners utilizing these behaviors report less liking, satisfaction, respect, control mutuality, and commitment. Furthermore, this observation prompted Bolkan and Goodboy to investigate if the practice of negative relational maintenance behaviors results from difference in adult attachment styles. In previous studies focus has been placed on the role attachment styles plays in prosocial maintenance behaviors, where functions including assurance, romantic affection, support, conflict management, advice, social networks, openness and positivity are performed by secure partners (Bolkan and Goodboy, 329). Clearly, attachment styles contribute
Tradition of humans permanently marking their bodies has consistently been utilized as a means of identification. Greeks used it as a form of punishment and branding of those considered as “others” which comprised of slaves and convicts- ideology that was then carried over into Roman culture as a tool of state control (Fisher, 2002). Indigenous tribes that lacked a written language applied tattoos as a system of visual communication. Both the Osage and Omaha tribes tattooed themselves based on success in warfare, bearing a skull on the back of their heads to signify victory in battle. Inuit men would mark on themselves how many whales they hunted, while ink on women conveyed marital status (Porcella, 2009). Despite a long-standing history in other cultures, it is emphasized that the Polynesian and Japanese cultures are largely responsible for the diffusion of tattoos into Western society.
Symbolism and meaning is by far one of the most important aspects of the tattoo industry. “The abstract emotions and human awareness of emotions show what really is going on in ones life (Johnson)”. For that reason tattooing is a form of self-expression, and can stand for literal interpretations. For the most part these interpretations are the conveying of spiritual meaning, or marking milestones such as life or death” (Johnson). For those who think tattooing is just for looks or put a bad judgment on it, should also realize that ones personal interest reflects upon their lives. “Many individuals get their first tattoos during adolescence or young adulthood.”(Bravermark) Due to the mainstream culture, these traditions traditionally associate with stereotypes. Stereotypes defiantly have a huge impact on life. Which leads to the next point? Whether flaunted or hidden, sought as art or brought out on a whim, the tattoo has left a huge impact on generation after generation.
Evolutionary framework for human mating is based on three elements. First, strategies for mating developed to solve specific problems in human evolutionary history. Second, people behave differently depending on the type of mating involved. There are two types of mating, short term and long term mating. Short term mating is defined as casual sex (i.e. one-night stands and brief affairs). Long term mating is seen as a committed relationship (i.e. dating, going steady, and marriage). Third, males and females developed different strategies due to the difference in problems they have had over the course of human evolution (Buss 241). This paper will examine those strategies specific to males.
A persons’ image is vital when meeting someone for the first time. Our peers, employers, family, superiors, even strangers that you walk past can automatically judge someone, and imagine how they present themselves to the world. Tattoos have been predominantly linked with a rebellious attitude and pictured on out of control stereotypes such as rock starts, bikers, sailors, and disobedient teenagers who want nothing more than to hack off their parents. With a new coming of age generation and a step into a more lenient and liberal society these types of patrons still participate in body art but so do doctors, lawyers, or just the run of the mill house mom. Tattoos signify religious beliefs, cultural influence, or each individual’s sole style. Body art is no longer socially offensive, employers are more apt to hiring tatted hopeful applicants, parents are warming up to the idea of their children inking their body and no longer a stranger on the street with a tattoo is necessarily prejudged as a criminal or safety hazard. Tattoos have become more evolved over the years because they have become more of a socially accepted element of the general public.
Tattooing has increased widespread from all ages, careers, and social classes (Westerfield, Stafford, Speroni, & Daniel, 2012). Tattoos’ usual meaning is “to stain the skin with colorings” (Goldstein, 2007). With the growing the populations, who have tattoos and/or body piercings in the work environment, there is requiring decision about what policies to establish forward associates a professional atmosphere. Thus, there assesses patients’ perceptions of health care workers with tattoos and/or body piercing (Westerfield, Stafford, Speroni, & Daniel, 2012).
Previous research has reported several gender differences between men and women regarding the desire for sex. According to Randy J. Larson and David M. Buss's book Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature, men view pornography more often than women (d=.63). Men also desire more sexual partners, have more frequent sexual partners, and are more willing to accept offers of sex from a stranger (Hald & Hogh-Olesen, 2010). Evolutionarily, sex differences have relied on parental investment and sexual selection theory. The sex that invests less in offspring is less discriminatory in their selection of a mate. Because women have more of an obligatory role in parental investment, they place greater importance on mate selection whereas men place a greater value on a woman’s physical appearance. Although men score higher in ratings pertaining to the desire for sex, women score higher in emotional investment. Women tend to score higher on items such as passionate, cuddlesome, affectionate, and romantic (Larson & Buss 2014).
In today’s society, over one hundred years since the days of the tattooed women in circus side shows, women who choose to tattoo themselves still meet resistance and adverse reactions. “It has been estima...
Bd 3. Kurzban, R., & Weeden, J. (2004, August 24). HurryDate: Mate preferences in action. Retrieved June 9, 2015, from http://www.sas.upenn.edu/psych/PLEEP/pdfs/2005 Kurzban & Weeden EHB.pdf 4.
A fundamental step for understanding the links between human nature and intimate relationships is by understanding human sexuality. Alfred Kinsey, in his pioneering study on human sexual behaviour, illustrated the degree to which individuals differ in their sexual attitudes, beliefs and preferences (Kinsey, Pomeroy & Martin, 1948). In particular, a marked difference was highlighted in individuals’ sociosexual attitudes and behaviours. Following this, many of the sociosexual features individuals differ in, including preferred frequency of sexual intercourse, the number of different sexual partners they predict to have in the future, and their willingness to engage in uncommitted relationships, have shown to covary (Eysenk, 1976, as cited in Barnes, Malamuth & Check, 1984). Considered together, these features compose an individual difference dimension named sociosexuality (Snyder, Simpson & Gangestad, 1986). Sociosexuality reflects the tendency to engage in uncommitted, casual sexual encounters (Simpson & Gangestad, 1991). Those with a restricted sociosexual orientation typically prefer closeness and commitment from their romantic partner before engaging in sex (Simpson & Gangestad, 1991). Such individuals claim they rarely have one-night stands, and require emotional intimacy within a romantic relationship before feeling comfortable with sex (Simpson & Gangestad, 1991). Conversely, unrestricted individuals require little or no emotional bond with a partner in order to have sex. These individuals are more likely to be involved in extra-marital relationships (Seal, Agostinelli & Hannett, 1994), and exhibit more frequent displays of sexual assertiveness such as flirting (Simpson, Gangestad & Nations, 1996).
Many of us crave tattoos because we desire to define ourselves as unique individuals. There are different reasons as to why tattoo artwork accomplishes this. For many, low self esteem is the driving emotion that lands a person in the tattoo parlor. Shelley Twyman confirms this idea, stating that “many people feel better about their self image after engaging in a type of alteration of the body.” In actuality, Shelley’s research measured the self esteem of tattooed individuals as on par with those who didn’t have one, after the alteration. Additionally, body art is often used to express the belief or views of the individual. For example, Margo DeMello argues in “Body Art, Deviance, and American College Students”, quoted by Myrna Armstrong et al, that some tattooed individuals see themselves “as if they are some kind of substitute for a personal philosophy” (152). Myrna Ar...