Introduction
One can also easily see that no other component follows this growth rate.
Memory, RAM and storage are getting cheaper. However, what is not happening is that the performance of the access time and decrease resp. increasing at an exponential pace. Considering the technology of magnetic disk specifically we see that disk density has been improving by about 50% per year, almost quadrupling in three years. Access time has only improved by one-third in 10 years.
Super fast processors and huge memories have to be ‘fed’ and a system is only as fast as it’s slowest component, currently the disk.
In our analysis we shall consider the advantages and disadvantages of currently available technologies and their impact on system performance and effectiveness. To narrow down this still very broad subject even more, we shall focus our attention on standard Personal Computers. The reason being that 90% of computers used world wide are of this type. Along the way we shall try to demystify the difference between the currently used interfaces, EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) and SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) as well as their cost-performance correlation.
We shall try to analyze the performance of different drives by means of several benchmarks. The reason for using multiple benchmark programs being that performance bottlenecks may be easier to detect by comparing the results from different benchmarks. Each benchmark tells part of the story, and together a more complete picture can be drawn.
The Art of Benchmarking
Without a doubt, benchmarking is one of the most controversial subjects in the computer industry. This is understandable, given the number of exaggerated performance claims that consumers are exposed to ...
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...s mentioned in the introduction, the goal of this paper was to compare the performance of several disk drives using benchmarks. Although we have focused our attention on subsystem level performance of the different drives, we have included the results for the Winstone 97® benchmark suite. This has been done to show the impact of the disk drives performance on global system performance.
The reader should however take care when reading the Winstone 97® results. These results only indicate the influence of the drive if the benchmark has been run on the same or identical systems, except for the disk drive. This is due to the fact that system-level performance is determined by many more factors than merely the disk drive. Processor type, amount of memory, operating system, system bus chipset, graphics accelerator and many others contribute to the systems performance.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Hard drives can store very large amounts of data ranging from 200GB – 1TB. A hard drive is made up of a magnetic disk that consists of a number of platters/disks that are coated in a magnetic material that rotate at 7200 RPM. The data is encoded into bits and written into the disks as a series of changes in the direction of the magnetic pull, and then the data is read by detecting the changes in direction on the
There are several smaller drivers under the ABC system. A different cost driver is used for each category of overhead cost. Under the ABC system there appears to be a greater share of the total overheads that are allocated to OS-367. With the data provided in this particular case study and the calculated results of each system it appears that OS-367 uses some of the resources in greater proportions. Whereas the case study shows that other product lines might not. The overheads for such categories are allocated to OS-367 to a greater extent. Because of this the total overhead cost per unit has increased for the OS-367.
On average, the processor spends 56%, 73%, 83% and 71% of the run time in P1-C1-P3-C1 states for SYSmark 3D Modeling, E-Learning, Office Productivity and Video Creation and on an average, it spends 73%, 81%, 90% and 84% of run time in P1-P3 states respectively. As we discussed in the earlier section that the process technology T1 that exhibits lower Pleak at lower VDD and Fmax ranges will lead lower total power consumption in exchange for higher Pleak at Fmax > FmaxTDP that can rarely happen for processors running multiple applications
Windows hardware’s has played a vital role in current technology of computer era. Computer application has significantly changed the workloads and manual records and information keeping has been significantly managed easily. This has been tremendously associated with the respective improvements with the software and hardware application development and Windows Xp and windows 7 have been most powerful operating system used by many computer applicants and users.
Benchmarking should not be considered simply a tool of management, but rather an integral part of the business strategy of a firm. When implementing benchmarking, management must consider the overall issues of performance and process re-engineering.
...ns. Thus optimized systems to meet the challenges of extreme workloads are required by organizations because of all this. To offer packaged hardware and software solutions that are optimized for analytical processing has been the response given by the industries.
In an attempt to increase the market share with in the digital memory division (DMD) of Hewlett-Packard, management decided to analyze the potential profitability of developing a 1.3” drive that would surpass the current technology within this continually growing market. Teams comprised of the best and brightest employees, within the organization, were tasked with developing this new product from the ground up. After successfully delivering on their goals, the new drive was ready for the customer. Initial sales were one tenth of the prescribed figures and the 1.3” drive was scraped, even though it was a far superior product to the current technology available at the time of introduction. Throughout this case study I will outline the reasons this project ultimately failed and discuss how some of the mistakes that lead to the drives demise were actually rational decisions.
By 1984, a combination of factors had contributed to lowering the profitability of the DRAM industry. As the DRAM industry matured, DRAMs began to take on the characteristics of a commodity product (Burgelman, 1994; Burgelman & Grove, 2004). Competitors had closed the gap on Intel’s lead in technology development causing the basis of competition to shift towards manufacturing capacity. Gaining market share in an industries where product features had become standardized required companies to agressively pursue capacity expansion, while engaging simultaneously in cutthroat price competition. Also, with each successive DRAM generation, companies wishing to keep pace with the demand for increasing production yields were forced to commit increasingly large capital investments to retrofit their fabrication facilities. Figure 1 contains a snapshot of the DRAM industry between the periods of 1974 through 1984. The important thing to note is that Intel begins to fall behind the competition beginning with the 16K generation and is virtually non-existent in any of the future generations (Burgelman, 1994).
“After the integrated circuits the only place to go was down—in size that it. Large scale integration (LS) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. By the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of thousands of components onto a chip. Ultra-Large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into millions. The ability to fit so much onto an area about half the size of ...
These light, strong materials have very low thermal expansion, compared to aluminum. They can withstand higher forces. So the platters can run faster. Older hard disk drives can only run at 3600 to 5200 rpm. Today's ones can run 7600 to 10000 rpm.
In the past few decades, one field of engineering in particular has stood out in terms of development and commercialisation; and that is electronics and computation. In 1965, when Moore’s Law was first established (Gordon E. Moore, 1965: "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"), it was stated that the number of transistors (an electronic component according to which the processing and memory capabilities of a microchip is measured) would double every 2 years. This prediction held true even when man ushered in the new millennium. We have gone from computers that could perform one calculation in one second to a super-computer (the one at Oak Ridge National Lab) that can perform 1 quadrillion (1015) mathematical calculations per second. Thus, it is only obvious that this field would also have s...
Paging is one of the memory-management schemes by which a computer can store and retrieve data from secondary storage for use in main memory. Paging is used for faster access to data. The paging memory-management scheme works by having the operating system retrieve data from the secondary storage in same-size blocks called pages. Paging writes data to secondary storage from main memory and also reads data from secondary storage to bring into main memory. The main advantage of paging over memory segmentation is that is allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous. Before paging was implemented, systems had to fit whole programs into storage, contiguously, which would cause various storage problems and fragmentation inside the operating system (Belzer, Holzman, & Kent, 1981). Paging is a very important part of virtual memory impl...
The microprocessor has changed our lives in so many ways that it is difficult to recall how different things were before its invention. During the 1960's, computers filled many rooms. Their expensive processing power was available only to a few government labs, research universities, and large corporations. Intel was founded on July 18,1968 by engineers, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Andrew Grove, and Arthur Rock. Rock became Chairman, Moore was President, Noyce was Executive Vice President in charge of product development and worked with Moore on long range planning, and Grove headed manufacturing. The purpose of the new company was to design and manufacture very complex silicon chips using large-scale integration (LSI) technology. Moore and Grove's vision was to make Intel the leader in developing even more powerful microprocessors and to make Intel-designed chips the industry standard in powering personal computers. Moore and Noyce wanted to seek Intel because they wanted to regain the satisfaction of research and development in a small growing company. Although the production of memory chips was starting to become a commodity business in the late 1960's, Moore and Noyce believed they could produce chip versions of their own design that would perform more functions at less cost for the customer and thus offer a premium price. Intel's unique challenge was to make semiconductor memory functional. Semiconductor memory is smaller in size, provides great performance, and reduces energy consumption. This first started when Japanese manufacturer Busicom asked Intel to design a set of chips for a family of high-performance programming calculators. Intel's engineer, Ted Hoff, rejected the proposal and i...
Dilman, M., Hu, W., Loaiza, J., & Jernigan, K. (2014, April 11). Guide for Developing High-Performance. Retrieved from An Oracle White Paper: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/performance/perf-guide-wp-final-133229.pdf
The computer has progressed in many ways, but the most important improvement is the speed and operating capabilities. It was only around 6 years ago when a 386 DX2 processor was the fastest and most powerful CPU in the market. This processor could do a plethora of small tasks and still not be working to hard. Around 2-3 years ago, the Pentium came out, paving the way for new and faster computers. Intel was the most proficient in this area and came out with a range of processors from 66 MHz-166 Mhz. These processors are also now starting to become obsolete. Todays computers come equipped with 400-600 Mhz processors that can multi-task at an alarming rate. Intel has just started the release phase of it’s new Pentium III-800MHz processor. Glenn Henry is