In addition to the investment model, Rusbult (1991) proposed the concept of accommodation process to help explain conflict resolution in relationships. Accommodation processes refer to the tendency of an individual to respond to her or his partner’s destructive actions with a constructive action. Rusbult (1991) described four distinct accommodation processes: exit, voice, neglect, and loyalty behaviors. The four behaviors can be classified as either constructive or destructive and as passive or active. Exit behaviors actively aim to end the relationship by performing actions that signify intent to leave the relationship (e.g., storming out of a room during an argument). Neglect behaviors refer to passive avoidance of the partner or issues regarding the partner, such as an individual not acknowledging her or his partner’s feelings as a result of anger. Both types of behaviors damage the relationship, and are therefore classified as destructive. Contrastingly, the constructive behaviors of voice and loyalty work to benefit the retention of the relationship. Voice behaviors encompass active, positive communication in response to destructive behavior from the partner (e.g., consoling an angered partner). Loyalty is categorized as a passive behavior in which the individual remains hopeful that the condition of her or his relationship will improve. Although exhibiting constructive behavior may benefit the relationship, lack of destructive behavior appears to be more consequential than the presence of constructive behaviors (Rusbult, Verette, Whitney, Slovik, & Lipkus, 1991). Research on accommodation processes suggests that individuals are more instinctively inclined towards destructive behavior and, therefore, must exhibit effort... ... middle of paper ... ...from Rusbult’s (1980) investment model, in addition to a measure of accommodation processes, in order to evaluate individuals’ same-sex friendships. Participants also completed a measure of impulsivity to determine the relationship between specific personality traits and conflict resolution behaviors in friendships. Considering the research on the facets of impulsivity and interpersonal dysfunction, I formed multiple hypotheses. First, I hypothesized that higher levels of all four facets would predict an increased incidence of the destructive behaviors of exit and neglect. Secondly, sensation seeking would negatively relate to loyalty and voice behaviors. Third, higher levels of each of the impulsivity facets would predict lower levels of commitment. Finally, I evaluated any potential mediational relationships between the UPPS facets, accommodation, and commitment.
Once they can objectively see the pattern and how it repeats itself over time, they are in a position to see their own contribution to it” (pg. 36). An individual can only change their own relationship pattern. If one individual in the relationship tries to make a positive change to their relationship pattern it is more than likely that the other partner will follow in their footsteps (Gilbert, 1992). While reading this chapter on relationship patterns I began to notice similarities with some of my own relationships. It was awesome to see how these patterns come about and how to improve them. One of the second concepts discussed in the chapters was the emotions in relationships. One factor that stood out to me was how vital and crucial emotions are to human life. Gilbert (1992) believes that “Emotions are important to all life, firing the strong, quick reactions necessary to survive the dangers of existence” (pg. 38). Emotions can also be described as patterns that are created early on. In relationships emotions are one of the crucial parts of a relationship, but they can also lead to be part of the most difficult parts of a relationship. Gilbert (1992) states “While they are necessary, desirable, and pleasurable, feelings and emotions also lead to most of the
Zastrow, C. H., & Krist-Ashman, K. K. (2013). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (9 ed.). Belmont:
Zborowski, Hartmann, Newsom, and Banar’s article The Hartmann Boundary (2004) Questionnaire: Two Studies Examining Personality Correlates and Interpersonal Behavior is based off of two different studies. The first study examined if there were any relationships between “thick” and “thin” boundaries as defined by the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire and dependency, interpersonal behaviors, the effect of particular traits and object relations (p. 49). The second study extended the research of the first study and added the examination of trait anxiety, curiosity, and anger. The second study also added an interview portion of the research to the study. The interviewer was asking questions to further determine the subject’s dependency, interpersonal behavior, trait affect and object relations along with curiosity, anger, and trait anxiety but also, at the end of each interview, the interviewer rated each subject on how open and likeable the subject was and also how comfortable the interviewer felt during the interview (Zborowski et al., 2004 p.49). In addition to the relationship of bound...
Conflicts within relationships are inevitable and some conflict can help strengthen a relationship; however, in marriages and families, many people fail to work through their conflict, which results in unhealthy patterns of behavior. Over time, if left unresolved, these patterns of behavior can lead to a breaking of the relationship. Furthermore, most people do not set out seeking conflict within relationships, but rather they lack the emotional maturity to move through conflict. In fact, it is not the differences between the two parties that create the conflict, but rather the emotional reaction to their differences. Therefore, an intervention is required to begin the healing process of working through conflict. Often a pastor or counselor
Clinton and Sibcy (2006) point to a recurring pattern within a marriage suffering from disconnect, and that is the pattern of pursuing and withdrawing. When a couple is in a cycle of hurt, one spouse will react to the disconnect or drift by pursuing the other partner. The pursued partner reacts by withdrawing. This pattern continues the hurt, causes the cyclical pattern of one partner pursuing and the other partner withdrawing. Neither spouse can connect with the other and each struggle with understanding where the other is coming from. As the drift progresses in the marriage, Balswick and Balswick (2014) note that “over a period of time, the wife’s verbal expression of love will diminish. Many a wife begins marriage with expansive declarations of love for her husband, but without reciprocal expression, she will express her feelings less frequently.” (p.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Journal of personality and social psychology and. Retrieved from http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~broberts/Hazan & Shaver, 1987.pdf
Karen Horney “Distrust between sexes” proceeds go into the different aspects of Love and Relationships. In this book Horney gives examples on how women deal with emotions which transitions from childhood to adult life. The fundamentals of documentation are displayed in unavoidable ways in most occurrences people run into. People are blind to the fact that love in relationships can be destroyed by overt or covert? In some cases lack of sympathy is then blamed, when relationships don’t work out between two individuals. Some couples fall into social, economic defaults which impacts the relationships. These are issues people never stop to think about, all they want to do is shift the blame to one another in a relationship. Self-preservation is a basic instinct for everyone and is present at birth. This can enhance the natural fear of losing ourselves in a relationship (Horney 1930). In Horney discussions I found that a person only feels despair because of the deep emotions of abundant from “Love” during childhood. That can develop more mixed emotions that turn into mistrust, which causes delusions that tell them they are not getting love from their partner (Horney 1930). With these types of feelings mistrust sips into relationships, starting from a child carries over into adult life. Reasons are when a child comes into the world learns everything it needs to know from its parent. If the child’s emotional needs are not taken care of when the family increases, the child will feel a need to compete for affection from the parents, which could turn into a painful situation. With this being said the child grows into an adult with suppressed aggression. If he/she has not learned how to deal with...
emphasized a lack of restraint. Popular psychology identified “the positive aspects of anger” and encouraged couples to communicate their desires to one another.
Communication is essential for a positive and healthy relationship. In the movie “The Break Up” poor communication skills are demonstrated, resulting in an unhealthy relationship. Gary and Brooke both fail to handle their problems like adults. The couple tends to rely on other people instead of trying to solve their own problems. When differences arise, couples should be able to talk it out cooperatively. Throughout this movie there are several examples of miscommunication. This movie shows how poor communication can dissolve a relationship. Three of the main theories demonstrated in this movie are conflict management, verbal and nonverbal communication.
Various perspectives on behavior have changed the face of psychology over the centuries. Some of the most influential of these theories on behaviorism were made by John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman. The manner in which behavior is modified has become a growing debate in the aspect of which technique is more reliable and effective. The theories from these three men have become a foundation for many different schools of thought throughout modern psychology. Through their research, many modern psychologists have grown a better knowledge on why people react and behave during certain situations or in different environments. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the various theories of Watson and Skinner to that of Tolman.
One of the most researched topics in the history of psychology is aggression. One goal of social scientists has been to define aggression. Some believe that aggression is biologically preprogrammed, others look toward situational factors and this study suggests that aggression is learned. This study was conducted by Albert Bandura and his associates in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers proposed that the children be exposed to adult models with either aggressive or nonaggressive ways, they would then be tested without the models present to determine if they would imitate that aggression they observed in the adult.
Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: a Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature." Psychological Science (2001). EBSCO. DePaul Library. 7 Mar. 2008.
Gottman (1999) conveys that the integration of active listening and conflict resolution techniques is not sufficient to safeguard marriages from a probable divorce. Due to that couples who develop throughout the years a high level of
The aggressive personality is defined as an “individual’s whose overall style of interacting involves considerable, persistent, maladaptive aggression” (counselingresource.com). Evolutionary, biological and environmental factors are contributing components of the aggressive personality. Human beings ...
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.