Morphological growth and development has occurred by factors affect the cells properties. These variations are take place by changing on cells functional characters which cause morphological growth, development and age related deviations. Accordingly, based on scientific researches and analyzing the scientific experiments, it is had been summarized that effects of morphological changes form to malignant cells. There has been wide scientific research based on morphological development of distributions affect functional development. In 1996 Sharon Freeman, Lily Cherny and Haim Sohmer published a paper titled “Thyroxine affect physiological and morphological development of the ear” discussing theories about the development of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPE) which represented cochlear amplifier activity in hyperthyroid. In hearing research, scientist compared onset and development of auditory nerve-brainstem evoked responses representing overall cochlear function and to morphological development of the ear. (1) For this research, rats had been divided in neonatal hyperthyroid (n=10) and control group (n=10) rat. These rats had been compared based on responses of the development of auditory nerve-brainstem and bone-conducted responses. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPE) had been recorded at earlier high (8 kHz) and low (3 kHz). At the end of the hearing research, it is stated that results of the morphological comparison, there was a consistent difference between level of development of the outer and middle ears. As a result, Thyroxine-injected rats had been showed clear signs of neonatal hyperthyroidism of the cochlea such as distortion product otoacoustic emissions. (1) Similarly, scientist R.P Birth an... ... middle of paper ... ...al findings suggest that prenatal exposure to Zeranol or DES induces abnormal testicular diffentiation in the mouse.” (4) The last experiment is to understand the neurodegenerative disease. In 1996, M. Barkats analyzed the granule cell number in dentate gyrus which had been reported to vary among inbred strains of mice. Scientists were hypothesizing about age-related changes in morphological of dentate gyrus both in animals and humans. Therefore the purpose of this experiment was to study “investigate for strain difference in hippocampal structure changes in old C57BL/6J (B) and DBA/2J (D) mice as compared with younger ones.” (5) At the end of the experiment Barkats concluded examined in hippocampus on mouse strains showed neuroanatomical parameters always reduced with age and granule cell population in dentate gyrus could be influenced by some hereditary factors.
Percy, A. K. (1999). Inherited neurodegenerative disease: The evolution of our thinking. Journal of Child Neurology, 14(4), 256-62. Retrieved from
Sound is localised to the ear by the pinna, travelling down the auditory canal, vibrating the eardrum. The eardrums vibrations are then passed down through the ossicles, three small bones known as the hammer, anvil and stirrup that then transfer the vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea. The cochlea is filled with fluid that when exposed to these vibrations stimulate the sterocilia. This small hair cells "wiggle" along to certain frequencies transferring the vibrations into electrical impulses that are then sent to the brain. If the ear is exposed to noise levels of too high an intensity the sterocilia are overstimulated and many become permanently damaged . (Sliwinska-Kowalska et. All,
There are three main divisions of living organisms: Prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea. This essay will outline the division between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and explore the reasoning behind such differences with regard to general structure, storage of deoxyribonucleic acid and its replication, metabolic processes, protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid processing.
Through studies performed on sleep-deprived rats, experimental results have shown a decrease in cellular activity in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for most of the brain’s memory processing. When entering into sleep deprivation, the brain will experience consequences such as a failure for the hippocampus to encode, consolidate, or retrieve signals powering memory processing. As a result, researchers are looking for cellular characteristics that could lead to further details into the relationship between sleep deprivation and memory impairment. There are several different ways memory can be disrupted, one suggested in being an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the hippocampal region of the brain. Both hormonal and oxidative stress are also factors that are observed to play major roles of memory impairment in the hippocampus. These
The path physiology of Parkinson’s disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible causes. Nigral and basal loss of neurons with depletion of dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is the principal biochemical alteration in Parkinson disease. Symptoms in basal ganglia disorders result from an imbalance of dopaminergic (inhibitory) and cholinergic (excitatory) activity in the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia.
In the pages of “A Conspiracy of Cells” that were available to us, there were several differences in both writing style and content, compared to Skloot’s, “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks.” One of the biggest differences is in Michael Gold’s, “A Conspiracy of Cells,” he focuses more on the Hela cells and the research, while in Skloot’s “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” Skloot focuses more on the Lacks family.
Ethics is most commonly thought of as rules for determining what is considered right and wrong. Most people are never formally taught the difference between the two, for it is something learned though experience, usually reinforced by parents and other adults throughout one’s childhood. It provides guidelines for responsible behavior, clearly identifying the acceptable from the unacceptable. However, how ethics is defined changes our values as a society evolve. Consequently, what is ethical is greatly determined by one’s perspective. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, an account of an African-American woman from Virginia, whose cancer cells were collected for research during her treatment for the cervical cancer that eventually took her
The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes its way to the bloodstream until it reaches the thyroid where it is then signaled to activate T3 and T4 production [1]. This mechanism is controlled by a negative feedback loop meaning that when there is a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood stream, this will signal back to stop production of thyroid stimulating hormones. Complications occur when the thyroid hormones keep increasing even though there is already a sufficient amount of T3 and T4 in the blood stream. This process of over expression of thryroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a general term that includes any disease that has a consequence of an overabundance of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is a general term but there are many variant diseases that are in the hyperthyroidism category. These diseases include diffuse toxic goiter, Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis, Parry’s and Graves’ disease.
Although attempts to stimulate hearing with electricity date back to the 1950s, the modern version of the cochlear implant did not appear until the 1970s (Wilson & Dorman, 2008, p. 3). The earliest versions relied upon a single electrode to translate sound into electrical impulses and relay them to the brain. Engineers were steadily making progress, however, and by the 1990s implants in young children had become fairly routine (Wilson & Dorman, 2008, p. 3). The modern cochlear implant currently ...
The mechanical motions of the ossicles directly vibrate a small membrane that connects to the fluid filled inner ear. From this point, vibration of the connective membrane (oval window) transforms mechanical motion into a pressure wave in fluid. This pressure wave enters and hence passes vibrations into the fluid filled structure called the cochlea. The cochlea contains two membranes and between these two membranes, are specialized neurons or receptors called Hair cells. Once vibrations enter the cochlea, they cause the lower membrane (basilar membrane) to move in respect to the upper membrane (i.e. --the tectorial membrane in which the hair cells are embedded). This movement bends the hair cells to cause receptor potentials in these cells which in turn cause the release of transmitter onto the neurons of the auditory nerve. In this case, the hair cell receptors are very pressure sensitive. The greater the force of the vibrations on the membrane, the more the hair cells bend and hence the greater the receptor potential generated by these hair cells.
Embryonic cells should be allowed to be used because of the medical benefits they provide. They can be used to cure diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, traumatic spinal cord injury, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, heart disease, and even vision and hearing loss (nih.gov 2009). There is no problem using them for medical purposes and it is not immoral to use them for this reason. Embryonic cells have the potential to save lives. Therefore, the usage of embryonic cells outweighs the ethical issues.
1.a. The organelles labelled Y are called Ribosomes, They are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and hold together all components of protein synthesis. The endoplasmic Reticulum spreads all through the cytoplasm and has a large surface area for the attachment of many ribosomes. Also newly synthesised proteins are stored and packaged into vesicles.
Emert, Phyllis Raybin., and Howard Schroeder. Hearing Ear Dogs. Mankato, MN: Crestwood House, 1985. Print.
Plant and Animal Cells I. Introduction All organisms in life are composed of at least one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of life. There are three main features of a cell. First, all organisms consist of one or more cells.
The ear is looked upon as a miniature receiver, amplifier and signal-processing system. The structure of the outer ear catching sound waves as they move into the external auditory canal. The sound waves then hit the eardrum and the pressure of the air causes the drum to vibrate back and forth. When the eardrum vibrates its neighbour the malleus then vibrates too. The vibrations are then transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. Together the three bones increase the pressure which in turn pushes the membrane of the oval window in and out. This movement sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea. The bulging of the oval window then pushes on the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. From here the pressure waves are transmitted from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and then eventually finds its way to the round window. This causes the round window to bulge outward into the middle ear. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani walls are now deformed with the pressure waves and the vestibular membrane is also pushed back and forth creating pressure waves in the endolymph inside the cochlear duct. These waves then causes the membrane to vibrate, which in turn cause the hairs cells of the spiral organ to move against the tectorial membrane. The bending of the stereo cilia produces receptor potentials that in the end lead to the generation of nerve impulses.