Materials and Methods
Materials
2 trials worth of materials were prepared for this experiment. 400ml of fish water from the fish water carboy were poured into each of the 2 beakers. Also, 2 new goldfishes were collected for each trial and were placed into one of the fish water beakers. In other words, for the first trial, a set of 2 goldfishes were subjected to both the control and the experimental condition. Then, for the second trial, a new set of 2 goldfishes were subjected to another set of control and experimental conditions. Therefore, total of 4 goldfishes were tested in this experiment and all 4 went though both control and experimental conditions. To obtain the pure mass of the 2 goldfishes at each trial, scale was used to measure
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The plunger lid was slowly pressed down until a little bit of water started to squirt out the hole on the top of the lid.
2 to 3 minutes were given so that the goldfishes could acclimate to the new environment. Then,
Logger Lite program was pre-run to make sure that the program was running correctly. After pressing the large green arrow button with the word “collect,” data collection was observed for 60 seconds. Once the data was established to mimic the negative trend representing oxygen consumption, the red stop button was pressed to stop the pre-run. To start the experiment, this prerun data was cleared by selecting “Clear Latest Run” from the "experiment" option. The whole experiment consisted of 2 trials, each trials consisting both control and experimental conditions. For the control conditions, the same procedure for the pre-run was used, except the recording lasted for 10 minutes and the data was consistently recorded on graphs and table for every 20 seconds interval. For the experimental condition,100ml of the fish water in the chamber was emptied and was refilled with 100ml of caffeine dissolved fish water. Then, the
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At the end of the experiment, the 2 trials of data from 7 other groups were accumulated, resulting in 16 trials in total. Paired t-test was used to compare the control and the experimental groups. However, during the analysis, raw data with positive slopes were excluded because oxygen consumption can only be expressed in negative values. Therefore, only 15 trials of data were analyzed. Results
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of caffeine consumption on the amount of oxygen consumption. 16 samples were collected in total, but 1 sample was excluded as it produced positive slope (N=15). The pooled data of 15 samples showed that the goldfishes in the control condition had greater oxygen consumption (M-=720, SD=1357) than those in the experimental condition (M=-424, SD=407). However, the effect of caffeine on the amount of oxygen consumption was not significant (t= 0.9267, p=0.371) (Fig.1).
Fig 1. Pooled data on the effect of caffeine on oxygen consumption (N=15, t=0.9267,
For further investigation, a larger sample size should be used, along with repeating the experiment on several different days to minimise the effect of random errors on each subject’s specific result. Reference List: BBC 2014, Respiration, BBC, accessed 1 September 2015,.
First, 100 mL of regular deionized water was measured using a 100 mL graduated cylinder. This water was then poured into the styrofoam cup that will be used to gather the hot water later. The water level was then marked using a pen on the inside of the cup. The water was then dumped out, and the cup was dried. Next, 100 mL of regular deionized water was measured using a 100 mL graduated cylinder, and the fish tank thermometer was placed in the water. Once the temperature was stabilizing in the graduated cylinder, the marked styrofoam cup was filled to the mark with hot water. Quickly, the temperature of the regular water was recorded immediately before it was poured into the styrofoam cup. The regular/hot water was mixed for a couple seconds, and the fish tank thermometer was then submerged into the water. After approximately 30 seconds, the temperature of the mixture leveled out, and was recorded. This was repeated three
On the container, the researchers wrote down their first initial, last name and lab section. The researchers then poured spring water into the cylindrical container about halfway and then set it aside. Next, the researchers transferred the Planarian using a small plastic pipette into an empty petri dish filled with just enough water for the Planarian to swim around freely. After the successful transfer into the petri dish The researchers then measured how long the Planarian was using the unit millimeters.
To begin the lab, the variable treatment was prepared as the Loggerlite probe, used to later measure oxygen consumption, warmed up for approximately 10 minutes. To prepare the variable treatment, 200ml of Sodium and Ammo-lock water was measured in a container and a pre-prepared “tea bag” of tobacco was steeped in the room temperature treated water until a light yellow color was visible. After preparing the tobacco solution the preparation for the live goldfish began as two beakers were filled with 100 ml of treated water. Each beaker was weighed before addi...
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of varying concentration of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine on the heart rate of a daphnia magna and confirm any similarities between the affect of the chemical compound on the heart rate of daphnia magna and human beings.
For this I used the scale provided by the program. The manometer is a U-shaped tube that held liquid. This aided the experiment by showing me how much oxygen was consumed by the rats while they were placed in the jar. The airtight, glass animal chamber was the equipment I used to have an isolated area for the rats to go while I monitored their breathing. The tubes that connected this to the manometer had clamps that allowed me to block the passage way of air into the glass chamber or to stop air flow into the manometer while I collected the results.
The procedures for this experiment are those that are referred to in Duncan and Townsend, 1996 p9-7. In our experiment however, each student group chose a temperature of either 5 C, 10 C, 15 C, or 20 C. Each group selected a crayfish, and placed it in an erlenmeyer flask filled with distilled water. The flask’s O2 levels had already been measured. the flask was then placed in a water bath of the selected temperature for thirty minutes, and then the O2 levels were measured again. Each group shared their findings with the class. The metabolic rates of the mouse were conducted by the instructor and distributed. We also did not use the Winkler method to measure the O2 levels. We used a measuring device instead.
I predicted that the blackworms in higher caffeinated solutions would have higher pulse rates, because caffeine is known to increase blood pressure and heart rate. However as far as scientists know, invertebrates are not expected to have a strong response to caffeine like vertebrates do. Also, caffeine in low doses is known to lower pulse rate. The results do not support my hypothesis. The results show that when black worms are placed in caffeinated solutions, their pulse rates on average are lower than those placed in a solution with no caffeine. A possible flaw that may have occurred during experimentation is that the petri dishes were not properly cleansed, or that there were other properties in the water that influenced the outcome. To eliminate these flaws, I could have boiled the petri dishes and water to insure that there were no other properties to influence the data. Further experimentation should be performed with higher doses of caffeine to further insure that caffeine does in fact lower their pulse rate. The insufficient number of trials performed lead to less confidence in my conclusion that caffeine lowers the heart rate in
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
So the experiment will be based upon the movement of water. The first potato chip will be placed in a zero percent solution. I believe that this will increase the mass. I believe this because the zero percent solution has a lower concentration than the cell sap inside the potato. The potato takes on the water through osmosis and the cell pushes out from inside the cell making it swell and become more rigid.
Tarnopolsky, Mark. (1999) Gender Differences in Metabolism: Practical and nutritional implications; Caffeine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 155-200
For this experiment, it is important to be familiar with the diving reflex. The diving reflex is found in all mammals and is mainly focused with the preservation of oxygen. The diving reflex refers to an animal surviving underwater without oxygen. They survive longer underwater than on dry land. In order for animals to remain under water for a longer period of time, they use their stored oxygen, decrease oxygen consumption, use anaerobic metabolism, as well as aquatic respiration (Usenko 2017). As stated by Michael Panneton, the size of oxygen stores in animals will also limit aerobic dive capacity (Panneton 2013). The temperature of the water also plays a role. The colder the water is, the larger the diving reflex of oxygen.
Two similar, but separate studies were conducted. The first study (A) used 12 highly trained athletes, either triathletes or cyclists. The second study (B) used a smaller sample of 8 athletes with similar backgrounds. While training histories were similar, caffeine intake histories varied from occasional to regular intake of up to ~150 mg/day (2mg/Kg). Subjects first performed a maximal incremental power test to determine their VO2 peak, a measurement of the body's ability to taken in O2 and turn it into work. A work rate of ...
The purpose of this lab was to study the response of the genus Daphnia to chemical stimuli and to examine human responses to different stimuli. A stimulus is an incentive; it is the cause of a physical response. Stimuli can have a physical or chemical change; an example of a physical change is a change in temperature and sound. An example of chemical change would be changes in hormone levels and pH levels. Muscular activity or glandular secretions are responses that occurs when stimulus information effects the nervous and/or hormone system. Daphnia is a genus; it is a small crustacean that lives in fresh water. The body of the daphnia is visible and its internal organs are clearly seen thus it was chosen for this exercise. The
The experiment measured the survival rate, the growth rate, and the size of the brine shrimp at the time harvested in various environments. To obtain these measurements, three environments were created: sea water, brackish water, and freshwater. For this experiment the scientists used 5 liter plastic buckets. Every two days, half of the water from each bucket was discarded and new water, of each respective salinity, was added into each bucket...