2.1 Introduction
Pipeline is used to transfer fluids liquid or gas from one location to another location. Designing pipeline refers to Pipe Engineering. It is an application of petroleum, mechanical and chemical engineering basics, that deals with designing, testing, analysis, inspection and maintenance of pipeline. Industrially, all pipeline activities are achieved with the acquiescence and guidelines of international besides to industrial codes and standards as well as the laws, rules and assize eligible of local authority.
Pipeline System is a network of Pipes or a set of pipelines by using fittings, valves and other particular components to achieve the required method of transferring fluids (oil or gas) from one position to another position. It is the effective method for transferring fluids without a significant or no losses the quality and properties of fluid.
The plumbing network providing water at our home is a mutual example of the piping system. Usually, Piping Engineering is utilized through the following Industrial systems.
Pipeline refrigeration and heat Transfer system.
Pipeline liquid transportation and distribution system. (Liquid Pipelines).
Pipeline gas transportation and distribution system.( Gas pipelines )
Pipeline power system.
Pipeline process system.
Pipeline transportation of slurry systems.
The production and distribution of natural gas is considered as very important factor in petroleum economics. Over millions of homes and industries serviced through an approximate of 800,000 mile pipeline network, dependent on gas for heating and vital services (Rothfarb, 1969). The natural gas transportation systems include a set of supply fields where natural gas is produced. A Natural gas is transmitted fro...
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...nished investment price of concerning 5.7 billion pound. The gas pipeline junction the Nile at three locations. It is, therefore, believed the biggest gas pipeline in Egypt. (State inforfamtion service, your gateway to Egypt, 2013)
Phase 1: Dahshour – El-Koraimat Gas Pipeline (90 km length, 36" diameter)
Phase 2: l-Koraimat – Beni Suef Gas Pipeline (30 km length, 32 inch diameter)
Phase 3: from Beni Suef to Abu – Qorqas metropolis in Menia (150 km length, 32i nch diameter)
Phase 4: from Abu – Qorqas to Assiut (147 km length, 32 inch diameter)
Phase 5: from Assiut to Gerga (121 km length, 32 inch diameter)
Phase 6: from Gerga to Aswan (390 km length, 30 inch diameter)
The periods of the South Valley Gas Pipeline were completed in November 2009 as it grasped Aswan and commenced to feed east and west the city. (State inforfamtion service, your gateway to Egypt, 2013)
This segment consists of the three natural gas pipelines: Panhandle Eastern, Trunkline, and Sea Robin, natural gas storage assets, and the Trunkline LNG terminal. The three pipelines have a total length of approximately 10,000 miles and transport 5.5 Bcf/d of natural gas. The Panhandle Eastern pipeline transports natural gas from the Rocky Mountains and Midcontinent supply areas to...
The installation of the Keystone Pipeline began with Phase One, the installation of 2,147 miles of pipeline stretching from Alberta to refineries in Illinois. The installation and administration of Phase One included the conversion of 537 miles of Ca...
One of these factors was the logistical nightmare of redeveloping the infrastructure needed to transport oil to the refinery. As early as 1881, Standard oil operated approximately 3,000 miles of pipelines, eventually owning ninety percent of the nation’s pipelines. Although transcontinental railroads were an available alternative, pipelines were cheaper, reduced handling and storage fees, and were more efficient. The fact that modern oil companies invest hundreds of millions of dollars into speculating for sustainable natural oil deposits implies that such deposits are rare and hard to identify with a passing glance. If the spurts of oil proved to be isolated incidents, the capital invested in building pipelines and reestablishing a monopoly would have been squandered.
The Keystone XL Pipeline is a proposed pipeline project, by TransCanada Pipelines Limited, involving the transportation of up to 830,000 barrels of oil per day from Alberta, Canada to the Gulf of Mexico area in Texas. “The United States portion of the pipeline would begin near Morgan, Montana, at the international border of the United States and extend to delivery points in Nederland and Moore Junction, Texas. There would also be a delivery point at Cushing, Oklahoma” (Environmental 5). The delivery points would grant access to multiple other pipelines and refineries located all around the United States. “The Keystone XL pipeline would consist of approximately 1,711 miles of new 36-inch-diameter pipeline, with approximately 327 miles of pipeline
... If you could provide me with the paragraph, I would be happy to edit it for you. Phase Two of the pipeline is relatively short compared to the rest of the project, as it is only 291 miles long. The main purpose of Phase Two was to route oil from Steele City in Nebraska, through Kansas, and finally down to Cushing, Oklahoma. The construction of the second phase was completed in February 2011.
Recently, TransCanada’s Keystone XL pipeline has become a hot debate topic. Those who oppose the Western United States oil pipeline are misled and uniformed. The US Government should authorize the Keystone XL Pipeline that would import tar sand oil from Canada. The pipeline would generate jobs and help to remove foreign oil dependency, is the safest transportation option being considered and finally will not harm or affect the environment as opponents claim.
According to CBC News, this will cause greenhouse, because it will need to start of being drilled, then transferred to the pipeline. Then it will need to be transferred again to the final areas. It will also destroy many natural habitats. By having to dig up the ground, and having lots of construction at the same time, it will cause animals to flee from their homes, because of the noise. The machinery will also have to destroy through forests, and ground to be able to place the pipeline. According to Greenpeace, over 4 million hectares of Canada’s Boreal Forest are under
Pennsylvania, along with being rich in coal, is now receiving kudos for its participation in the production of natural gas. An article composed by Madelon...
of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River in Egypt. Nasser managed to build this important
Since the 19th century, gas has gradually become a necessity to mankind. It has been used for lighting our houses, to produce heat, to cook our food and to run our vehicles. As time passed, the price of gas has known many changes in Montreal. By the year of 2008 the price was relatively low, but suddenly became very high in 2014. This year in Montreal, the prices are as low as 3.4 US $/G. When considering the previously mentioned facts, we ask ourselves why the price of gas is low and what are the factors fluctuating its price. The main factor responsible of gas price changes is the cost of oil.
Fuel prices is an area of concern for the motor carrier industry. Fuel prices are at an all-time high, driving the industry to make drastic changes. Individuals in the industry believe that by reducing the demand for fuel is the best way to address the current fuel issue. One of the leading alternatives to this fuel issue could be natural gas.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
• Pipeline: pipeline transports unrefined petroleum and characteristic gas from oil fields to refineries and afterward to the core of the dial.
The industry is divided into three distinct sectors including the upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. The upstream sector includes the exploration and production of crude oil as well as the exploration and production of natural gas. This sector has experienced the largest amount of deals in terms of mergers and acquisitions, which will be further discuss in section III. The midstream sector involves the transportation of extracted petroleum from the upstream sector through pipelines, rail, barge, truck as well as storage. Finally, the downstream sector connects the end consumers through derived products such as gasoline, liquefied natural gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), kerosene (aircrafts), and diesel…
One very important advancement was the irrigation system. This system supplies dry land with water by means of ditches, pipes, or st...