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The Battle of Iwo Jima In the early morning of 19 February 1945, United States Marines assigned to the 3rd, 4th and 5th Marine Division led the initial assault on the Japanese controlled island of Iwo Jima, with the objective of capturing and securing the island. This was the beginning of one of the fiercest and bloodiest; and more decisively, the most strategically important battles fought during World War II. After the dust had settled, and the smoke had cleared, the causalities and losses were astounding. 6,821 U.S. Marines along with 18,844 members of the Imperial Japanese Army had paid the ultimate sacrifice. A decisive US victory on the island of Iwo Jima later played a pivotal role in the overarching defeat of the Japanese Empire and its Armed Forces (Morison, 1945). On 9 July 1944, 2nd Marine Division, 4th Marine Division, and 27th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Holland Smith, defeated the 43rd Division of the Imperial Japanese Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Yoshitsugu Saito, capturing the Saipan (Moore, 2002), a 44.55 sq. mile island located Northern Mariana Islands, approximately 1,465 miles south of Tokyo, Japan. The capture of Saipan was strategically important for U.S. and Allied Forces, as it was logistically relevant, due to its location from Tokyo. "It was the decisive battle of the Pacific offensive [...] it opened the way to the Japanese home islands (Nalty, Shaw, & Turnbladh, 1966)." By November 1944, U.S. B29 bombers had commenced bombing operations on the Japanese capital city, Tokyo, from airfields located on the U.S. control island of Saipan. After the fall of Saipan, Imperial Japanese Army and Naval forces were deployed to the island of Iwo Jima; a very small island, approxim... ... middle of paper ... ...these intelligence failures, more emphasis is now placed on the creation of intelligence products used on the battlefield. All possible enemy courses of actions are now red teamed in an attempt to produce a much accurate analytical product. 19 February 1945 marked the beginning of one of the fiercest and bloodiest; and more decisively, the most strategically important battles fought during World War II. A total of 6,821 U.S. Marines had lost their lives, along with 19,217 wounded over the five-week span of the battle for Iwo Jima. Of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 212 were taken prisoners. “Iwo Jima was the only battle by the U.S. Marine Corps in which the overall American casualties (killed and wounded) exceeded those of the Japanese, although Japanese combat deaths were thrice those of the Americans throughout the battle (O'Brien, 1987).”
The Battle of Guadalcanal was a very important battleground that ended the Japanese ground advancement in the Pacific area of operations. Also, after they were defeated and removed from the island it showed that they were not an unstoppable foe that resulted in boasting the confidence of the United States and its allies. The amphibious assault that occurred on Guadalcanal was the first amphibious counteroffensive for the United States after the attacks on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese were attempting to build an airfield on the island and gain a foothold that would help to protect their flanks as they continued their offensive campaign through the Pacific. Having an established foothold on Guadalcanal would also give the Japanese the ability to severe the supply and communication lines that ran between Australia and the United States. The US attack was originally set for 1 August 1942 and the mission was assigned to the 1st Marine Division out of North Carolina.1 Their mission would be to perform an amphibious assault and seize control of the nearly completed airfield and defend it from any Japanese counterattacks as well as removing the Japanese completely from the island.
With the sudden death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 12th April 1945, Harry S. Truman was sworn into presidency months before the end of the Second World War. As the war in Europe draws to an end, the raging war in the pacific theatre shifts the focus towards Japan. On individual isolated islands, the Japanese held out on meager fighting conditions, forcing the United States to engage in brutal attrition warfare in order to flush them out. At the cost of 75,000 American lives, the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa were captured after months of ferocious fighting that left 100,000 of the 114,000 Japanese soldiers dead. Using the tenacity of the Japanese island defenders as a gauge of the main island, the military estimated that Operation Downfall which was
Initially, Japanese strategists assumed that the tiny island would be overwhelmed in a matter of hours. However, they underestimated the fighting spirit of the military personnel and civilians stationed on the island. For sixteen days these brave men fought against overwhelming odds, but demonstrated both to the Japanese and to their fellow Americans back at home that the Americans could and would put up a courageous fight.
Japan bombed the Dutch harbor in Alaska on the days of June 3rd and 4th. Japan landed there instead of on the islands of Attu and Kiska, in fear the United States might be there. The attacks failed when the plan to get the American fleet from Midway to aid the freshly bombed Dutch harbor. At 0900 hours, an American patrol boat spotted the Japanese fleet seven hundred miles from Midway. At that point, admiral Soroku Yamamoto’s plans for a sneak attack were over.
Last and biggest of the Pacific island battles of World War II, the Okinawa campaign (April 1—June 22, 1945) involved the 287,000 troops of the U.S. Tenth Army against 130,000 soldiers of the Japanese Thirty-second Army. At stake were air bases vital to the projected invasion of Japan ("Battle of Okinawa," 1996). The Battle of Okinawa remembered more for its iconic photograph of US Marines raising the US flag on Okinawa more so than any other war or battle ever fought. Okinawa the largest of the Ryukus islands played a major role in the American forces overall strategic efforts to advance to the mainland’s of Japan. Because it was the last major battle of WWII, the battle of Okinawa used lessons learned and TTP’s from all previous battles with the Japanese to successfully employ combined striking power of the services and techniques of amphibious operations.
The sea invasion of Iwo Jima was and still is the largest of any in all the years of the United States Marine Corps history. This invasion was also the most devastating. More than 26,000 Marines lost their lives while when trying to take over this small volcanic island. Pretty much all of the twenty-one thousand Japanese soldiers protecting the island were killed only two thousand were taken as prisoners. The rest were killed or missing. "Tokyo was just 650 miles to the North, less than three hours' flight time." (Alexander 208). On February 23, 1945 seventy-two thousand Marines landed on the island of Iwo Jima with all their guns blazing. Dodging and weaving the heavy fire from the Japanese's m.g.s, they had mounted in the jagged rocks. But that was the least of the Marines worries they had heavy 320mm mortars and powerful rockets. And their wicked 25mm automatic machine cannons. That was just the landing these Marines went to hell and back before it was all over.
By April 4, the 1st Marine Division had finished its cross-island maneuver, and had nothing left to do. So, they decided to turn back and scout through the land it already secured. At this point, remnant Japanese fighters both civilian and military in origin began attack the 1st in guerrilla style assaults. These fighters, however, were not at all trained for this type of attacking. They were difficult for the marines to initially spot, but once they showed themselves they were quickly defeated. In order to reduce the number of guerrilla fighters faced, the Tenth Army began placing all male Japanese civilians in internment camps on the island starting on April 11. Eventually, Japanese civilians of all ages and genders were interred, thus effectively ending the threat of the guerrilla fighters. However, these guerrilla groups were still encountered throughout the battle on Okinawa, but they proved to be a very little threat (“Battle of Okinawa: Summary”). The 6th Marine Division continued moving north almost completely unopposed. They did encounter any significant resistance until April 13, when they reached Mount Yae Take, which is located at the center of the Motobu Peninsula, in northern Okinawa. The battle at Mount Yae Take lasted four days and involved artillery support and naval gunfire. After the Japanese at Yae Take were defeated, the Americans were able to move all the way north on the island, completing their maneuver. The team that was moving towards the southern point of the island was known as the XXIV Army Corps (“Battle of Okinawa: Summary”). The XXIV Corps consisted of the 7th, 27th, 77th, and 96th Infantry Divisions (Trueman). It was on April 6 that the XXIV Corps met their first true opposition from the Japanese. The defenders were so well fortified and so well organized and so great in number that the current number of American soldiers that were pressing the attack against them
In this paper we are going to discuss the importance of intelligence on the battlefield and how, through proper management or mismanagement, it can reshape the outcome of a battle. Operation Overlord, commonly known as the Battle of Normandy or D-Day, is one of the largest amphibious assaults in modern history. The Allied invasion of Nazi occupied France was a decisive moment in World War II, setting the stage for the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. Operation Overlord was a success through the use of deception and operation security by Allied nations from planning through execution.
The Pacific war was long a with extremely large casualties on both sides of Japan, AMerica and Great Britain. Many of them occurring in Leyte which was an American island base in the Philippines. Japan had made the Philippines a prime target due to the location which made it easier for them to get supplies and resources from the east Indies while at the same time gaining access to the abundant resources in the Philippines. On October 20,1944 Japanese soldiers streamed onto the island attacking the American soldiers who lied in wait for the attack on the island and in their ships. The battle would become on of the most intense naval battles in World War Two and the fighting on the island would come to resemble the fighting from World War One. The Japanese would attack ships, and even American Airfields with the american fighting back the major counteroffensive attack. The Japanese continued fighting until April 1945 then the Americans gained back control of most of Leyte by Christmas with thousands of Japanese and American soldiers dead. Next, the fighting of Okinawa island, which was a small island four hundred miles off the coast of Japan, making it a prime target for a United States military base for the remainder of World War Two since then they would be able to launch attacks on Japan’s mainland and keep an eye on their movements. The battle began on April 1,
In February and April 1945, the U.S attacked 2 islands of Japan. The first island was Iwo Jima, the Americans were able to capture the island but the Japanese soldiers never surrendered causing the American to kill every single soldier on the island. With tragic losses for both sides, 6,800 American soldiers dead and 21,000 Japanese soldiers dead. On the second island Okinawa the U.S attacked and suffered many loses again with the Japanese since they never surrender again. 7,300 U.S soldiers dead and 107,000 Japanese soldiers dead. Traumatic losses from just capturing 2 small islands. In total there was 14,100 dead American soldiers and 128,000 Japanese soldiers dead. When dropping the bombs on Japan we saved lives on both sides. Imaging what would happen if the U.S invaded Japan would end in deaths never seen before. 100,000 more dead American soldiers and 6x the amount of deaths of Japanese. This would of been the most inhumane thing to have happened.
By the end of the World War, from 1943-1944 the United States was steadily making its way to Japan’s Main Island. The Japanese Imperial Army was losing battle after battle in the Pacific, with each lost came a massive amount of damage to their war ships and
By 1944, after their victory at Guadalcanal against Japan, the Allies began to fight for the island of Leyte in the Philippines. Unlike what most people believed to be an easy fight for the Allies, the takeover of this island was one of hardest. Japan would use their suicide pilots, also known as the kamikazes, to sink Allied fleets by crashing their bomb filled airplanes. However, after many hard fights also in Iwo Jima and Okinawa, The Allies were victorious. In the end, over 12,000 Americans were lost in battle and over 100,000 Japanese troops were lost (Modern World History, pg. 511). Japan’s fight until you die mentality led to many American soldiers dying as well as Japanese soldiers. The shame of not dying in war was implanted into Japanese soldiers and so not only did Japanese soldiers kill many Allied troops, Japanese soldiers killed each other. The totalitarianism trait, control over individuals, led to the kamikazes. The
As a result of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. American force was immediately sent to defend the Philippine islands in the Pacific Ocean. President Roosevelt appointed American General Douglass MacArthur Commander of the U.S. Army troops in the Philippines. It was their job to defend the Bataan Peninsula until reinforcements could arrive. American troops had to fight the Japanese from the crack of dawn until sunset every day. On April 3rd the Japanese fleet, through headed to Australia, detoured and began an onslaught on the MacArthur’s troops. During this horrifying time, the Americans
The bombs the American had sent out only made it easier for the Japanese. What it had done was to churn up the beaches and the immediate hinterland and had given the Japanese far more opportunities to find hiding-holes for snipers. They had dug all sorts of tunnels and hiding places all over the island. The Japanese waited patiently for more Marines to get on shore to attack, many Marines were killed using that tactic. The battle went on for days.
Last and biggest of the Pacific island battles of World War II, the Okinawa campaign involved the 287,000 troops of the U.S. Tenth Army against 130,000 soldiers of the Japanese Thirty-second Army. At stake were air bases vital to the projected invasion of Japan. By the end of the 82-day campaign, Japan had lost more than 77,000 soldiers and the Allies had suffered more than 65,000 casualties, including 14,000 dead. The battle gave one last major hit to the Axis nations before they were defeated.