-Medial collateral ligament (MCL) - Aids in stabilizing the knee towards valgus and varus forces of the knee joint. MCL originates above the joint line on the medial condyle of the femur and inserts below the joint line on the tibia. MCL also serves as a resist to external tibial rotation. MCL remains tight during knee extension and relaxed during flexion.
- Injury may occur in MCL either as a result of a medially directed valgus force from the lateral side or it could occur from the external rotation of the tibia. As a combination of rotation and valgus stress MCL, ACL and PCL can tear. If the sprains are mild-to-moderate it can leave the knee unstable also leaves room for additional internal derangements.
- Extant of the injury is determined by the force and angle of the trauma. To
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(a) Describe the mechanisms of injury for a quadriceps contusion.
Quadriceps contusion occurs due to traumatic blow, in which muscles are compressed against a hard surface of femur.
(b) What are the signs and symptoms seen for each of the three degrees of quadriceps contusions?
Signs of quadriceps contusions include pain, temporary loss of function and immediate bleeding.
Grade 1 which is mild contusions where muscular bruise occurs with mild hemorrhage. However, there is minimal pain with no swelling. Injured athlete may experience mild point tenderness and had no restriction of range of motion.
Grade 2 is the moderate contusions. In which the injured athlete experiences pain, swelling and range of knee flexion less than 90 degrees. Athlete will limp while walking.
Grade 3 is the most severe contusions. In which the injured athlete will experience major disability due to the split in fascia. Grade 3 quadriceps contusion leads to severe pain, swelling and knee flexion severely limited. Motion is limited to 45 to 90 degrees.
(c) What complications could occur if a thigh contusion is not handled appropriately?
If thigh contusion is not handled properly, myositis can
Sometimes the UCL will weaken and stretch (technically a sprain), making it incompetent. Other times a catastrophic stress will cause the structure to "pop" or blow out. The injury isn't tremendously painful, and it can be incredibly diffic...
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most important of your four major knee ligaments. The function of the ACL is to provide stability to the knee and minimize stress across the knee joint. It restrains excessive forward movement of the lower leg bone (the tibia) in relation to the thigh bone (the femur). It also limits rotational movements of the knee. “Greater external knee valgus and internal rotation moments have been shown to increase loading on the ACL in vitro and are thought to be associated with the increased risk of noncontact ACL injury” (Effects 2011). A tear to the anterior cruciate ligament results from overstretching of this ligament within the knee. It’s usually due to a sudden stop and twisting motion of the knee, or a “...
In spite of this the rate of ACL injury is almost equal through all levels of sports, from beginner, to recreational, to professional athletes. The most widely publicized incident of ACL damage has come from Theresa Edwards who was a top female athlete. She was a basketball player who went to the limit with sports. She went beyond her capability and her ligament couldn’t withstand the pressure and snapped. She is not the only but just one example of many who have suffered this same problem. As female athletes continue to become more competitive and aggressive, ACL damage continues to rise.
All in all, injuring the ACL is a devastating blow to the knee. The ACL, which plays a major role in the support of the knee, must be protected during full-contact activities. Even simple activities such as running and jumping can lead to ACL injuries. It is important to follow the proper technique so that the body can stay healthy and continue to do what one does with it.
To understand the importance of the ACL, the knee as a whole must be examined. The knee is formed by the femur, the tibia, and the patella. Several muscles and ligaments control the motion of the knee and protect it from damage at the same time. Ligaments are dense structures of connective tissue that fasten bone to bone and stabilize the knee. Two ligaments on either side of the knee, called the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, stabilize the knee from side-to-side. The ACL along with the posterior cruciate ligament are of a pair of ligaments in the center of the knee joint that form a cross. T...
All injuries are a serious matter, but upper body injuries are more delicate. “Although the majority of contusions to the most parts of the body result injuries that are self-correcting and without serious consequence, even relatively
There are many injuries in general, but sports injuries? Sprains and Strains are the most common injuries in sports. “Sprains are injuries to ligaments, the tough bands connecting in a joint. Suddenly stretching ligaments past their limits deforms or tears them” (Hoffman 1). Ligaments are like springs in a sense that when you stretch a spring, it will return to it’s normal state unless they are
The majority of ACL injuries suffered during athletic participation are of the noncontact variety. Three main noncontact mechanisms have been identified planting and cutting, straight-knee landing and one-step stop landing with the knee hyperextended. Pivoting and sudden deceleration are also common mechanisms of noncontact ACL injury. Basketball, soccer, and volleyball consistently produce some of the highest ACL injury rates across various age groups. Other activities with a high rate of injury are gymnastics, martial arts, and running. In most sports, injuries occur more often in games than in practice. Many injuries have occurred during the first 30 minutes of play. One-reason physicians are seeing more ACL injuries in female patients that more women play sports, and they play more intensely. But as they continued to do more studies, they are finding that women's higher rate of ACL is probably due ...
In order to understand how the menisci can be injured, you must understand the basic anatomy of the menisci and why they are important. The menisci are two oval (semilunar) fibrocartilages that deepen the articular facets of the tibia and cushion any stresses placed on the knee joint. They enhance the total stability of the knee, assist in the control of normal knee motion, and provide shock absorption against compression forces between the tibia and the femur (Booher, 2000). Articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones that make up the joint. The articular cartilage surface is a tough, very slick material that allows the surfaces to slide against one another without damage to either surface. This ability of the meniscus to spread out the force on the joint surfaces as we walk is important because it protects the articular cartilage from excessive forces occurring in any one area on the joint surface, leading to degeneration over time (Sutton, 1999).
The soleus, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior contract isometrically to keep the ankle stable at 90 degrees (Teachpe.com n.d.) (The previous reference was used to identify key joint types and muscles throughout my analysis). The knee joint is extended when in the standing position, to stabilize this joint the biceps femoris, semi-mebranosus, semi-tendonosus (hamstrings) and the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus transcriptis and vastus medialis (quadriceps) co-contract isometrically. The vertebral column of the body remains stable due to the isometric co-contraction of the erector spinae, rectus abdominus and the external and internal obliques.... ...
A muscle trauma which, is also known as a muscle strain is an injury which, occurs within the muscle tendon. The pain can be classified into three different sections which are; mild, moderate and severe. The main cause of a muscle strain is when the muscle is overstretched since the muscles have probably been working too hard. If a muscle tear occurs, it can also damage the attaching tendons within the muscles because, the muscle tissues are stretched and then torn (2).
How do concussions affect the human brain? In order to know what affects the concussions does to the brain, we must first know what exactly a concussion is. A concussion a concussion is described as a complex pathophysiological process that affects the brain in the act of severe head trauma. Think of the brain as the yoke inside an egg, if the egg is shaken, the yoke will be obscured. This is exactly what a concussion is like. A concussion affects the brain in several ways, including physical, emotional, and cognitive. There are also long-term effects like increased risk for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s (“Concussion Treatment”).
Blunt force trauma is defined as a traumatic event caused by the introduction of any blunt instrument forcefully, causing injury to the body or head. The Severity of injury is determined by various factors. It may be due to mechanical force such as compression, traction, torsion or shear. Impact of the injury and severity depends on object and movement of victim. Injuries occurred may be internal such as lacerations of internal tissues, organs, fractures of bones or may be external such as abrasion, avulsion, contusion and laceration (Pollak & Saukko, 2009). Severity also depends on anatomical site impacted for ex: Lacerations have irregular margin, hanging causes abrasions, contusions and hyoid bone fractures, Ocular hemorrhages in case of blunt trauma to eyes or Fracture of ribs when hit on chest by a blunt object (Ressel, Hetzel, & Ricci, 2016). Severity is also determined by the duration of time and amount of force applied. Nature of trauma is of importance in forensic medicine. It helps in
The snapshot below shows the severity of the injury for a stage 2 type ligament injury.