Homework 3: Software Process Models
Brook’s paper “No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering” presents how complex the development of a software is and its inherent difficulties. He brings out the accidental and essential difficulties we encounter in the process of software development. He identifies complexity, conformity, changeability and invisibility as inherent properties of any software whereas accidental difficulties are experienced during the development cycle/process. He suggests that being able to develop reusable software cuts down the costs and time as well as gives room for a wide variety of applications/functionalities across different platforms/ environments. Being able to balance and to bring best out of the resources that are available in terms of processing powers, hardware/software capabilities, personnel, budget etc., is very crucial for the success of software in the market. It is quite interesting and very relatable how the creative process of developing software in stages helps and (rather than just writing the code) motivates the software developers and design managers in coming up with new ideas during the iterations. Brook’s also mentions how high level programming languages, time-sharing and different development environments have affects on the complexity of software development process to remove accidental difficulties thus resulting in high efficiencies. According to him, fields like Graphical programming, Expert systems, Artificial intelligence though provide powerful insights, they have little to do with actual software development process to define its requirements or functionalities. He identifies how user can benefit from adapting an existing system to sol...
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...ties. In fact, they have become a part of development process to help developers in easy transition. Different tools and environments play a significant role in enhancing the efficiency of software by cutting down the time and need for coding and syntaxes (for example, translating UML diagrams to actual code etc.,) and helps designers in easy debugging and thus enabling rapid prototyping for fast results. Brook mentions changeability and complexity as software constraints. But, in my opinion, while change introduces complexity to the designers, from the user point of view, change reduces complexity for the user in using the software. Also, the more complex the problem is, the more fruitful the results are after it is resolved. However, user has ever changing requirements (often not sure of what they want!). Spiral model addresses this problem to the possible extent.
The role of questions in Dunn’s article is to persuade the reader into thinking their own role or responsibility in the behavior of flies. The first question he poses is; “Just where do houseflies pick-up these other bacteria, the one they give back to us in vomit spot, feces and footsteps?” This question is central to his main idea. He poses a second question about the discovery made by his friend named Coby, on pig farms, asking; But why would the flies in pig farms tend to have antibiotic resistant bacteria? Yet again dragging the attention to the issue at hand that is that us humans are largely to blame for the dangers that flies poses to our
As a part of evolution, the user's own requirements will also change and, in a way, become more demanding. As business policies and goals evolve and transform, new requirements will be generated for complex systems as well. It is this evolution and demand that will prompt the changes that also have to affect the complex system for it to match with what is being asked and expected of it.
Let us now examine a number of perspectives that should be considered when designing software solutions. In most cases, these perspectives will have direct consequences to the design of the user interface.
A scop is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "an Old English poet or minstrel." However, scops were simply so much more than that to the medieval world. They were the only means of entertainment for the people of the time. There was no television or Internet to escape to, and books were not readily available. Most medieval people in the eighth through twelfth centuries could not read or write,so the scops would tell amusing stories or tales of heroic deeds to the music of their harps. The stories would be chanted, giving great honor to those mentioned in the oral recitations, and the scop's song also provided a memory of the culture for those who would come after.
1.0 IntroductionIn this report I will be concentrating on the failure of software systems. To understand why software systems fail we need to understand what are software systems. Software systems are a type of information system. This is because a software system is basically a means for hardware to process information. Flynn’s definition of an information system is:"An information system provides procedures to record and make available information, concerning part of an organization, to assist organization-related activities."Humans have been processing information manually for thousands of years, but with the vast increase of demand for knowledge this century has meant that a new method of information processing has been needed. Software systems have provided a new means that is much faster and efficient.
Early fixing of errors not only helps save cost but also helps in mitigating the various risks associated with software development and it also helps in improving and monitoring quality of the system etc. It has been proven that the cost to identify and mitigate the errors in the early stages of development of a software will be hundred times less than the cost of removing an error in the software system that has been distributed among hundreds of
The explosive impact of computers and information technology on our everyday lives has generated a need to design and develop new computer software systems and to incorporate new technologies in a rapidly growing range of applications. The tasks performed by workers known as computer software engineers evolve quickly, reflecting new areas of specialization or changes in technology, as well as the preferences and practices of employers. Computer software engineers apply the principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis to the design, development, testing, and evaluation of the software and systems that enable computers to perform their many applications. (1)
The incident of a Jet occurred in 2008 named Quantus went into a sudden dive because of computer system failure. There are some injuries to the crew members and passengers before the pilot regain control in a few seconds. The main reason behind the event occurred is of software failure and the system gain access to the normal state quickly. The technical conditions and ethical decisions are not over people lives. They should be held in a more programmatic and should be efficient enough so that such event shouldn’t happen in future. If a crash happened at that time and if the system won’t be able to find the fault in the computer system, everybody and specifically the manufacturer thought that the plane was undone by the pilot’s error. There is one more condition on the usage of software system and even the pilot can’t make any changes to the software system. The control system should be made more sensitive and made to react instantly to the input quality.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) consists of phases used in developing a piece of software. It is the plan of how to develop and maintain software, and when necessary, replace that software. In 2007 during my hospital’s transition to a new software system, I was fortunate enough to be included in the process. I did not get involved until the implementation phase, but from then on, until now, I remain very active in the process. I decided to highlight the Waterfall Model of SDLC. The Waterfall Model is a “sequential development process” with each phase continuing in a line (McGonigle and Mastrian, 2012, p. 205).
Given the time, it takes to develop large sophisticated software systems it not possible to define the problem and build the solution in a single step. Requirements will often change throughout a projects development, due to architectural constraints, customer’s needs or a greater understanding of the original problem. Iteration allows greater understanding of a project through successive refinements and addresses a projects highest risk items at every stage of its lifecycle. Ideally each iteration ends up with an executable release – this helps reduce a projects risk profile, allows greater customer feedback and help developers stay focused.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems. The key is to organize the design process in a way that clients, analysts, programmers and other involved in system development can understand and agree on. The UML provides the organization. The UML was released in 1997 as a method to diagram software design, by some of the best minds in object oriented analysis and design. It is by far the most exciting thin to happen to the software industry in recent years. Every other engineering discipline has a standard method of documentation. Electronic engineers have schematic diagrams; architects and mechanical engineers have blueprints and mechanical diagrams. The software industry now has UML.
Study of Literature for related work is the most important step in software development process. Before designing and developing the tool it is necessary to determine the time factor, the economy and company strength. Considering the importance of software reliability in software engineering, its prediction becomes a very fundamental issue. Machine learning and soft computing techniques have been leading the statistical techniques in last two decades as far as their applications to software engineering are concerned. The most recent research work carried out for predicting software reliability was Hybrid intelligent systems for predicting software reliability [1] Mohanty et al. (2013). The author has employed recurring architecture for Genetic Programming and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) and also collaborative models involving GP, GMDH as constituents and GP, GMDH, BPNN and Average as arbitrators in predicting software reliability. Another state-of-the-art review [2] Mohanty et al. (2010) validates the affirmation. The techniques that were employed by the authors were machin...
Java is a programming language and one of the most popular languages used today. Like all other programming languages, there are reasons for the development of a new one. Two basic reasons for the development of a new language are to adapt to the always changing environment, and to create improvements for programming. Java was created for a couple of different reasons that also stay true to the basic reasons for development and this essay will highlight those reasons. This essay will also going over a brief history of the original intentions of Java, the distinct features of Java, and how these features are beneficial for the field of Information Technology.
... things that software engineers need to learn, if you do not learn these things you will be at a disadvantage and be limited to what you are capable of. The rapid growth will open new jobs for the upcoming generations of software engineering. Software engineering is a hard but rewarding career, but in the end it helps others accomplish things that would not be possible 50 years ago.
Abstract— Software plays a significant role in various fields such as business, medicine, nuclear test etc. There is utmost need for improvement of software to solve many real time world problems. Software Engineering is a discipline aimed at creation of fault-free software that is delivered on time, within budget, and satisfying the user’s needs. Data Mining is a process which analyses data from a 360 degree perspective and then summarize it into most useful information. Data Mining Techniques can be applied to solve software engineering defects and bugs. Software development team tries to enhance software quality and efficiency by minimizing the defect ratio to the least possible extent. Software life cycle is a human activity dependent