Substitutivity The problem of substitutivity has always been a thorn in the side of the study of semantic logic. Why does it sometimes appear that terms that refer to identical objects cannot be replaced with each other in propositions without altering the truth value or meaning of said proposition? Leibniz's Law would seem to ensure that we could perform such an action without anything significant having changed, but this is clearly not so. I intend to look at the history, not only of this problem
reduce them to the physical. Saul Kripke made some influential criticisms to type identity theory. Kripke’s criticisms rely on views about essentialism, modality and possible world semantics, (Hanks) Kripke’s argument is directed at the thesis from Identity theory that each physical state is identical to an undifferentiated mental state, Kripke relies upon the concept of a rigid designator, and the necessity of this rigid designator to disprove statements of identity. Kripke states these “analytic tools
Let's call something a rigid designator if in every possible world it designates the same object, (Kripke 1980, 48) It is to say that the referent of rigid designator, speaking of a possible world or a counterfactual situation, is as same as its referent in the actual world. For example the term “President of the United States” is not a rigid term designating Omaba, because there is possible world in which the president of the United States is not Obama and hence the term doesn’t designate him (doesn’t
Metaphors With the possible exception of completely formal exercises in logic, philosophy is thoroughly metaphorical and largely conditional. Moreover, the purposes served by metaphors and conditionals in it are similar. Metaphors ask us to imagine the world in a new way, while conditionals may ask to imagine a new world. Yet some conditionals and metaphors are incompatible. There are limits to how metaphors can occur in conditionals, and how conditionals can themselves be metaphors. Specifically
Aquinas' Third Way Modalized ABSTRACT: The Third Way is the most interesting and insightful of Aquinas' five arguments for the existence of God, even though it is invalid and has some false premises. With the help of a somewhat weak modal logic, however, the Third Way can be transformed into a argument which is certainly valid and plausibly sound. Much of what Aquinas asserted in the Third Way is possibly true even if it is not actually true. Instead of assuming, for example, that things which
Leadership is something that has been around since civilization. You would think that an idea so old would be straight forward but, we can see completely different ideas of what a leader, good or bad, should look like. While some of these stories may be fictional, they line up with a historical timeline of expectations. We can also see how the role of a king and how their duties have evolved in real life. The Epic of Gilgamesh shows us how to control your power. In 1 & 2 Samuel, we see what
There are a few similarities and differences in this comparison of the poem “Casey at the Bat” and “David and Goliath”. The first similarity of these two passages is they were both very confident in themselves. For example, in “Casey at the Bat” it says, ”There was pride in Casey’s bearing and a smile on Casey’s face. And when, responding to the cheers, he lightly doffed his hat.” Casey is confident because he has pride and confidence in himself when he goes up to bat. Meanwhile, in “David and Goliath
Essay 2 Kings have existed throughout history since the beginning of time with Egypt having some of the first recorded monarchies beginning back in the 3rd Century with King Menes. Monarchies began because people needed a higher figure to look up to, to follow because they didn’t believe that God was the higher power or in some cases didn’t know who God was. The bible tells the story of God’s people constantly losing site of God as the center of their lives, so they thought they needed something
Gimpel The Fool An Analysis of Gimpel The Fool Gimpel the Fool is a story written by Isaac Bashevis Singer. Saul Bellow translated the story I read because the story was written in Yiddish. Gimpel The Fool is a story about a simple man named Gimpel. He is considered by many to be a fool because he is a very gullible man. He is constantly falling for tricks laid out by almost everyone. Gimpel is persuaded to marry Elka, a woman who will wind up using him also. Elka treats Gimpel very poorly
will now turn our attention. Identified in the NRSV translation of the Bible as the narrative in which “Saul [is] chosen to be King” we find in this text the first story of Saul’s call to kingship and the circumstances around it . Throughout this narrative, the author, or perhaps more accurately, editor(s) , evokes a number of literary features to build a story and to portray the character of Saul. In this essay, we will focus on the features of the narrative’s folklorist character, the use of type-scene
The stories of “David and Goliath” and “The Basketball Underdog” are similar and different in many ways. These stories are both in the same book David and Goliath by Malcolm Gladwell. Gladwell’s book talks about underdogs, misfits, and the advantages of these people. Both of these stories have an overlying theme of the advantages of an underdog. The stories “David and Goliath” and “The Basketball Underdog” have many similarities and differences between the two of them. “David and Goliath” is a biblical
The title describes on the day when the Lord delivered David from his enemies and from Saul. The heading, which is the theme, identifies the setting in Samuel. Since the book of Samuel records many accounts when David was protected and saved by God from his enemies, it can be inferred that Psalm 18 is connected based on the common theme and
INTRODUCTION In 1 Samuel 13:14 and Acts 13:22 King David was called a man after God’s own heart, but even he did things contrary to God’s Law. When David ate the Shrewbread of the Temple in Samuel 21:1-6 he broke the law and yet in Matthew 12:3-4, Mark 2:25-26, and Luke 6:1-5 Jesus uses David’s example of eating the shrewbread to justify his disciples. This paper is going to show how David’s actions compare to the Law, how Jesus describes David’s actions, and how David’s actions compare to the kings
worshiped God. God answered his prayer and said Samuel do as they ask, for they aren't displeased with you but myself. Samuel warned the people of the harm it may cause. Samuel had to give the people what they wanted. God said, as the first king, he chose Saul. Israel was still having trouble from his army and slaughter a lot of them, and it started a war between the two. The people were afraid for their life and ran
If Saul got angry that David could not be there, then David would know that it would not be safe for him to come to the palace banquets again. On the other hand, if Saul was not angry, then David would know that it would be safe to return to and go to the rest of the banquets. After the banquet, Jonathan was to give David a sign whether Saul was angry or not. The sign was to be
Israel and plague by Philistines, Israel could easily destroyed by those nations. David and Solomon were the kings that lead Israel remarkably and changed the situation of Israel. David David was a second king of Israel, after the death of first king Saul. David used to be a young shepherd who loved music. He is a youngest of the eight sons of Jesse. He was a warrior, even when he was young. He fought with many animals to save his sheep. David’s greatest achievements are killing Goliath, conquering
Self Discovery in Saul Bellow's Henderson the Rain King Have you ever felt like a complete social out cast? Some one who has trouble fitting in and has never quite found their true calling. Being shunned by those closest to him and being unaccepted by society, the character in this novel is a perfect example. Saul Bellow's character Eugene Henderson, in, Henderson the Rain King, (1959), is a man who struggles to change his ways and find out his true calling. In this novel, a 55-year old man
In Samuel, “Jehovah sent Nathan unto David, and he came unto him and said unto him, there were two men in one city; the one rich, and the other poor. The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds; but the poor man had nothing, save one little ewe lamb, which he had bought and nourished up: and it grew up together with him, and with his children; it did eat of his own morsel, and drank of his own cup, and lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter.” In this text it illustrate the need for
fight their battles, to establish a government, and to rule over them. During the time of the Judges, there was no central government, no one to fight for them, except God of course. To make matters worse the David did not do everything right just as Saul did not do everything wrong. David is a study in the human condition. As Peterson points out, King David is a “character consisting of humility and adoration, sacrifice and courage, repentance and obedience, loyalty in the community, and love of
A Christian Reading of Hamlet In a famous article, "The Christian Tragic Hero," Poet W. H. Auden defines a Christian tragic hero according to the Judeo-Christian view that all people are moral agents and own responsibility for their actions. One of his examples is Macbeth, who listens to the witches and is tempted to commit a crime that he knows is wrong. Auden says that the audience's response to Macbeth's fall is, "What a pity it was this way when it might have been otherwise." This contrasts