Migration is one of the evolutionary processes. A population migrated due to limited resources or when more resources are needed to accommodate the growing population. Ancient human ancestors evolved in Africa, and dispersed throughout the world. Why did our ancestors migrate out of Africa? Perhaps, it was to find food, or a better living condition for raising the young. Leaving Africa, groups of modern human ventured out on several routes and dispersed throughout the world. Since the ventured
Q.1. To determine the solo-LTR region I first ran an electronic PCR on s240c3, s165c5 and s399c8 primers. I then aligned the PCR products to each other using a series BLAST searches, identifying a related sequence of ~968bp expected to be the same in each PCR product. Using BLAST I identified the start and end points of this sequence in relation to each of the PCR products of the 3 primers used in the experiment, allowing me to determine the direct repeats and thus pick out the Solo-LTR sequence
One set of markers known as Simple Sequence Repeats or microsatellites have been used to study genetic distance estimation in hexaploid wheat varieties (Stachel et al., 2000). Microsatellites are simple sequence repeats (SSR) of about 1-6 nucleotides and are scattered throughout the genome. They show high level of polymorphism than other genetic marker and are codominant
Hybridization is commonly defined as the interbreeding of genetically differentiated populations, where the gene flow between the two species has been reestablished. This process is more likely to happen in recently diverged populations that have a secondary contact, in which the isolation barrier has been removed. Hybridization can lead to a variety of evolutionary outcomes, depending on the fitness of the hybrids relative to the parental forms. Some of them will be beneficial, such as the effects
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a rare form of muscular dystrophy characterized by early onset contractures of the elbows, achilles tendons and post-cervical muscles with progressive muscle wasting and weakness It is also associated with heart complications like cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia which in both cases can lead to death. Cardiomyopathy is a heart disease which affects the muscles of the heart. In cardiomyopathy is muscles get rigid, enlarged or thick
Type I markers Type I markers are associated with genes of known function. RFLP is the only molecular markers as a type I marker type because they were recognized during investigation of known genes [11]. Likewise, allozymes markers were considered as a type I markers as the protein they encode has known function. EST markers were also classified as type I markers because they represent the transcripts of a genes [11]. The significance of type I markers was not fully appreciated in the early stages
American Bear Center) However, no molecular data studies have been performed to substantiate previous studies. Since a strong male based dispersal system has been observed in black bear populations, I propose to study this sex biased dispersal using microsatellite markers on the X and Y
In our world today DNA is very important. With the study of DNA comes DNA analysis. First one must know the definition of DNA and that is a deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a particle organized into a double helix. DNA is basically what has all genetic information and instructions for an organism (Rankin, 2013). Also James Watson discovered its first structure (Rankin, 2013). It is important to understand the structure and function of DNA and how this is connects to DNA analysis in forensic science
The Australian Aboriginal People: Dating the Colonization of Australia Abstract The colonization of each continent by modern human populations remains an important question in our history as a species. Studies of variations in mitochondrial genomes, Y-chromosomes, satellite DNA, and other genetic markers can be used to estimate the time of divergence of one population from another. Recent advancements in technology have advanced our capabilities in genetic analysis. In particular, PCR
insertion mechanism. The long uninterrupted stretch of adenosine suggests that the sequence was inserted by a retrotransposable event. Heterozygous carriers of the mutated insertion was identified by haplotype analysis with chromosome 2p13-specific microsatellite markers and confirmed by PCR genotyping for the presence of the Alu allele. The wild type allele PCR product size is 313 bps, whereas the Alu allele PCR product size is 646
Lily Akrapongpisak Biology 1B Section 423 Annotated Bibliography: California Channel Islands Resource 1: Literature Review The Urocyon littoralis (Island fox) populations that inhabit the California Channel islands have significantly decreased since 1994. This paper reviews prior pathogen exposure in these populations, and examines the present threat through the use of a serologic survey of sympatric feral cats in 2001-2003 on three of the islands, and a survey of the foxes on all of the islands
Native proteins generally function in a fully folded tertiary structure conformation in biological cells. In contrast, some native proteins have regions which are not properly structured also called as low-complexity domains (LC). For instance, RNA-binding FET family proteins, which include: Fused in sarcoma (FUS), Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS), and TATA-binding protein-associated factor (TAF15) have regions containing low complexity domains characterized by the abundance of only four amino acids; G, S,
Genomic instability can be manifested as an abnormality from multiple chromosomal alterations. Genomic instability can also occur from errors in DNA replication or better known as microsatellite instability (MSI). The patients in the Chen, et al., 2003 study suffered from damaged colonic epithelium because of “elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced oxidative defenses” (Chen et al., 2003). ROS are chemical species
‘Whenever we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.’ A quote by John Muir that recently came to my attention. More simply said everything is part from everything else. We occupy a beautiful planet, and what makes it so breathtaking is its diversity. The number of known living species on earth is approximately 8.7 million. The sad part is that this number is getting smaller every year and according to some sources we are in the middle of a sixth
Introduction Early diagnosis provides the best hope many have in beating cancer. Unfortunately, this is not the end of the fight for many cancer patients. Primary tumors may be successfully treated early, only to later discover they have metastasized to other areas of the body. The common medical definition of metastasis is: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called “secondary tumors” and contain cells that are
Biological Species Concept (BSC) What are biological species? At first glance, this seems like an easy question to answer. Homo sapiens is a species, and so is Canis familaris (dog). Many species can be easily distinguished. When we turn to the technical literature on species, the nature of species becomes much less clear. Biologists offer a dozen definitions of the term "species". These definitions are not fringe accounts of species but prominent definitions in the current biological literature
The Future of the Human Genome Project Can you imagine knowing your own genetic code? Going into the doctor for a routine physical and leaving with the knowledge of your genetic downfalls so that you may prevent disease and cancers. This may seem unbelievable but it is likely to be implemented in the near future. Since the start of the human genome project, the medical community has been anxiously awaiting its completion because the applications it has to this field are obviously enormous
Recognized as the greatest breakthrough in forensic science since fingerprinting, DNA analysis has made a dramatically positive impact on criminal investigations. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the basic genetic code within each cell that determines a person's phenotype and genotype. Since the early 1980s, DNA testing has been used in genetic disease research, finding matches for transplants, and in anthropological investigations.1 Typically in forensics, DNA analysis is used on specimen samples
Background of the Study Systematics and taxonomy involves identifying and resolving relationships among species. But with species today being more taxonomically complex, integrating molecular technology as an alternative tool in species identification has helped systematic s gain new perspective in evolutionary studies .Taxonomy has always been the forefront in the study of life and forever will be (Wheeler 2004). And with the increase in the development within the field of molecular biology and
Catastrophic natural disasters and epidemics of disease can lead to drastic reductions in population size. This phenomenon is called a population bottleneck (nature.com). The loss of reproducing individuals means a contraction in the number of alleles being contributed to the gene pool. Species with low effective populations are subject to the influence of genetic drift – a stochastic evolutionary mechanism that moves an allele towards fixation, regardless of what fitness advantages or deleterious