Understanding Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the large intestine (colon). Ulcerative colitis only affects the colon, it causes the colon to become inflamed and develop ulcers along the lining of the large intestine. Patients can develop colorectal cancer (bowel cancer) from having extensive ulcerative colitis. Cells and proteins in a healthy immune system protect people from the infection. Patients suffering from ulcerative colitis dysplasia have an abnormal immune system. The body may mistake food or other materials as invading/foreign substances and will send in white blood cells into the lining of the intestines (colon). Ulcerations along with chronic inflammation are serious symptoms
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DNA fingerprinting techniques can be used to detect changes in DNA/genome copy number and methylation. Inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) are three PCR-based DNA fingerprinting techniques. These DNA fingerprinting techniques can be used to quantify genomic instability in sporadic tumors, adenomas, and matching constitutional DNA.
RAPD is useful for distinguishing between different cell strains. It can also be used to analyze chromosomal copy number changes in cancer cells. In the study of Malkhosyan et al., 1998 they went into detail with AP-PCR and how they used it for detecting genetic alterations. This technique would be useful in tumorigenesis and for losses or gains of allelic in tumorigenesis as well as karyotyping of tumors. In the study of Samuelsson et al., 2010 they mention that not only is AP-PCR good for detecting copy number changes but that it can detect small insertions and deletions in the DNA template. ISSR-PCR is good for genetic identify, gene mapping studies, etc. In the study of Stoler et al., 1999, they use ISSR-PCR to measure the occurrence of genomic events in a
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Genomic instability can be manifested as an abnormality from multiple chromosomal alterations. Genomic instability can also occur from errors in DNA replication or better known as microsatellite instability (MSI).
The patients in the Chen, et al., 2003 study suffered from damaged colonic epithelium because of “elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced oxidative defenses” (Chen et al., 2003). ROS are chemical species containing oxygen. This is another cause of genomic instability, in turn, this will lead to tumor formation and progression. Not only did the reactive oxygen species cause damage to the colonic epithelium but it also induces genetic damage to the DNA. The DNA received acute damage from base alterations, abasic sites, and strand breaks.
In the Chen et al., 2003 study, they compared genomic instability results from UC patients and non-UC patients. First, they wanted to use ISSR-PCR to see if genomic instability occurred in non-colonic organs outside the gastrointestinal tract or only in the colon. Once they assayed the five pairs of stroma and epithelium from the colons of non-UC patients, they determined that the stroma, epithelium and other non-colonic organs demonstrated no excess genomic instability. Also, there was no genomic instability in nondysplastic
In this experiment, both BALB/c and C3H mice are induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). The inflammation is caused by the administration of dextran sodium sulphate to the drinking water of the mice. While azoxymethane induction plays a role in the development to colon cancer. In this project, the development of colon cancer through the inflammation pathway is being researched. The process first starts with the of inflammation foci. Over time, it develops into hyperplasia due to the increasing capacity of cell proliferation.
...ozzi E, Biffoni M, Todaro M, Peschle C, et al. Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature. 2007;445(7123):111-5.
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype. In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retrieved from a sample. When there is a small sample in need of identification, Polymerase Chain Reactions are used to multiply the DNA. in the sample in many identical samples.
Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease. It is a fairly common disease that affects a large population causing abdominal pain, frequent bloody stools, and fatigue
PCR or polymerase chain reaction is not a DNA typing technique, but a variety of different DNA tests (Riley). PCR duplicates and increases the quantity of a DNA strand which is beneficial to forensic scientists who are faced with little quantity of materials (Saferstein 394). The introduction of PCR-based testing in DNA analysis required scientists to switch to smaller targets that had the same repetitive variation (Jones). This is how short tandem repeat, the newest method of DNA typing,
Cancer is beyond mutations. By definition, epigenetics is the change in gene translation that is caused by alterations not directly due to genetic mutations in the DNA sequence. The 2 main mechanisms are DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones. By methylation, certain molecular tags (methyl groups) bind to a specific sequence of a gene, that results in its disability hence incapable of being translated into its appropriate protein product. These changes affect the cell’s functions leaving its DNA unchanged. Epi is derived from Latin meaning above; hence an epigenetic configuration overlies our genetic predispositions.
DNA fingerprinting, or sometimes known as DNA typing, is isolating and developing images of sequences of DNA to evaluate the DNA in an individual’s cells. DNA fingerprinting today is used for many different things in many different areas of science. In forensic science, DNA typing can determine which person did which crime by using blood or skin left at a crime scene. In medical science, patients can find out who their siblings, parents, or children are by using DNA fingerprinting (webmd).
Colon cancer develops in the part of the gastrointestinal tract that absorbs water and minerals before waste products are disposed via the rectum. In women endometrial cancer is related to colon cancer. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in the United States. Over one-hundred fifty thousand individuals will be diagnosed this year and this cancer will probably be responsible for about 47,900 deaths in 1999 (http://www.cancer.org). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop from the glandular cells. Ninety percent of all colon cancer cases will develop in individuals after 50 years of age. Ninety percent of all tumors arise from polyps that are commonly found in people older than 50. Prevention includes regular exercise and a diet high in fiber. The most important risk factor is age. Medical screening includes a yearly blood occult test after age 50 and a colonoscopy every 3 years after age 50. Regular screening detects polyps that have become precancerous. If regular screening is not done, the cancer is not detected until blood is found in the...
Many cancers seem to have been inherited DNA mutations. These mutations cause an extremely high risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Pancreatic Cancer. Many of these DNA changes have been shown by researchers in recent years. Most of the time, DNA in non-inherited cases of Pancreatic Cancer seem to be the same as those who have inherited it.
The cancer cells from gene-mutation. Scientists now know some of the risk factors for lung cancer can cause certain changes in the DNA of lung cells. These changes can lead to not normal cell growth and, sometimes, cancer. DNA is the chemical in each of our cells that makes up our genes and how our cells function. People usually look like their parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects more than how we look; it also can affect our risk for developing certain diseases, including some kinds of cancer like lung cancer etc…Some people inherit DNA mutation from their parents that greatly increase their risk for developing certain cancers.
"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet." National Human Genome Research Institute. 10 Dec. 2007. National Institutes of Health. .
These oncogenes cause cancer because they do not allow the cells to self-destruct or become epistatic. There have been several research projects which have been testing epistatis. Transfecting DNA To perform the experiments for this research, the researchers had to grow certain pieces of DNA.... ... middle of paper ...
...From Maps to Medicine: Hereditary Colon Cancer. "Hereditary Colon Cancer", Obtained from WWW 10/20/99: http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/Policy_and_public_affairs/Communications/Publications/Maps_to_medicine/colon.html.
My grandfather on my mum’s side died of colon cancer, colon cancer is where the body extracts water and salt from solid wastes. Colon cancer happens when out of control cell growth occurs in the large intestine. Colon cancer can be caused through genetics; a genetic predisposition that can be inherited from family members, but most colon cancer occur in people without a family health history.
Blood and urine based biomarkers used in molecular pathology are only indicative of the average response of the cell population affected with little or no information of the range of response or variability form areas of tissue (Naddler and Langley 2001)