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Human evolution short note
History of human evolution
Human evolution short note
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Migration is one of the evolutionary processes. A population migrated due to limited resources or when more resources are needed to accommodate the growing population. Ancient human ancestors evolved in Africa, and dispersed throughout the world. Why did our ancestors migrate out of Africa? Perhaps, it was to find food, or a better living condition for raising the young. Leaving Africa, groups of modern human ventured out on several routes and dispersed throughout the world. Since the ventured out of Africa, the Asian groups migrated to Southeast regions first, then they headed north to East Asia during the last glaciation; this could be seen using evidence from the biogeography, but more accurately the evidence came from the male chromosome …show more content…
Changes in the genes contribute to the differences among people all over the world. Mutation is the change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome in an individual. It occurred in one individual and then it passed down that mutated gene to that individual’s offspring. Regions within DNA can be surveyed by examined the sections called makers, which distributed across a large portion of a chromosome. As each marker has a specific difference, and that is called an allele. A haplotypes as a set of DNA variations that tend to be inherited together, or it is also referred to a combination of alleles or to a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found on the same chromosome ("Mutation and Haplotypes”, 2007). People who have similar haplotypes for a certain region of DNA are usually more closely related than those with different haplotypes. If a group of people have all same or most of the same marker alleles to another group of people, then it is said that they belong to the same haplogroup. The analyses of many studies in the paper were using Y-chromosome to trace the origins of modern ancient human migration. Different haplogroups have been traced back to the specific geographic regions around the world where human
Chapter six of “Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora” is entitled “Asserting the Right to Be”. This chapter explores the rebellion of enslaved Africans and their descendants. It stresses that fact resistance against slavery and oppression have been present from the very beginning of the slavery and it has grown and evolved over time. One point in particular that the chapter discusses is the rise in the number of slave revolts in the early 1500’s. Another important topic that is discussed is the fact that people of African descent not only had to fight against slavery but they also had to fight the concept that an african ancestry was a mark of inferiority.
How humans spread around the world is still one of the mysteries in the history of mankind. Mitochondrial DNA has been a crucial line of experimental evidence in developing the current understanding of our genetic history. It has shed significant light in determining the population patterns and human migrations around the world. Studies of mitochondrial DNA have provided new insights in the way humans spread around the globe throughout time. Studies have suggested two major routes from East Africa through which humans exited Africa and colonized the globe. An early route through the tropical coast of the Indian Ocean to southeast Asia and Australasia 60-75 thousand years ago (kya) (Macaulay et al, 2005: 1034), and followed by a dispersal via the Levant into Europe and North Africa 40-45 kya (Atkinson et al, 2008: 472), these routes are often referred as “Out of Africa” migration.
The takeover of Europeans in all of Africa is the European Scramble. The treatment of Africans was sacrificed for the materials and goods needed by the Europeans. The mistreatment caused Africans to rebel even though sometimes their battles were not won. In thirty years European troops colonized Africa in search for natural resources due to the impact of the Industrial Revolution. As a response Africans were enraged that their loved ones had to suffer, while others hoped for change and surrendered.
The 18th century in America became a time of growth in independence and freedoms. Although America began to separate itself from England, the colonies relied on another culture in order to thrive. Colonists relied on enslaved Africans to complete manual labor at plantations, cooking and cleaning within a household, and any other necessary tasks. Enslaved Africans endured harsh mistreatments with no compensation besides the necessary means of survival. African rarely received any form of education. However one enslaved African girl named Phillis Wheatley, received an education from her owners, the Wheatley family. Through her education, she found and embraced Christianity. Using her education she began writing poetry and publishing her works. In a poem titled “On Being Brought
In both the poem “On Being Brought from Africa to America” by Phillis Wheatley and Toni Morrison 's novel A Mercy, there are white saviors for black slaves. Each savior is characterized differently, yet each carries a child away from a life of typical slavery. Each slave story depicts a different meaning of life as a slave and ultimately what it means for a free, white person to provide salvation for an enslaved African American.
A permanent change in the DNA sequence which makes up a gene is what is referred to as gene mutation (Mahoney & Springer 2009). It is believed that gene mutation occurs in two ways: that is, it can be acquired in personal lifetime or inherited from a parent. Those that are passed from parents to the child are referred to as hereditary mutation. They acquire the name since they are present in the eggs and sperms or the germ cell. In this case, such kind of mutation is present all through one’s life in almost every cell in the body. A similarity in mutation and gene diversity is the change in the DNA sequence which makes both mutation and genetic diversity have related issues.
Migrations have taken place by slaves and by free people of sub-Saharan Africa for over seventy thousand years, beginning with the tropical areas of the Old World and followed by Eurasia and the Americas. These migrations, or Diasporas, began with religious voyages and cultural exchanges and evolved to the slave trade and the deportation of black men, women and children to new colonies as workers and servants. Long before the Atlantic slave trade grew, merchants from Greece and the Roman Empire traveled to the East African coast. Patrick Manning points out in, African Diaspora: A History Through Culture, that migrants came from southern Arabia to Eretria and Ethiopia in the first millennium BCE (Manning 36). As time went on, contacts grew with other regions of Africa and trade developed with Asia and Europe. This resulted in further migrations of black Africans as both slaves and free men. The Africans brought with them customs, music food preparation techniques and minerals. For example, the discovery of copper in Central Africa brought about a substantial trans-Saharan trade and more exchange of culture and migrations. As more Africans migrated to various parts of the world, they carried with them their culture and learned new techniques and ways of life. Whether they migrated as slaves or as free men, the Africans influenced their new lands and African identity was influenced forever. This paper will look at the effects of these migrations on African identity throughout the Diaspora. It will examine migration patterns, issues of race, racial hierarchy and culture.
African-American history in the Twentieth Century is best summarized by both the Civil Rights Movement, and the lesser known Great Migration, in which a large number of them made a move north, west, or overseas, between the years of 1910 and 1940. The broadest reason for this movement is the Jim Crow laws of the south, in which many of the regulations that were harmful towards those parties, whom were already affected by the institution of slavery within recent memory, were instituted. However, this is far from the only cause, of which there are many that span a wide range of reasons: the WWI economic boom, geographic mobility, and the racial antagonism faced on a widespread basis. The actual migration of African-Americans themselves is nothing new, as Sarah-Jane Mathieu notes in her work on the subject, “Movement has always characterized the African-American experience.”1 Whether it be the willful movement to the north for obtaining rights, or the plunder of these people from their homes, African-American Heritage is one of migration.
The progression of people into and within the United States has had an essential impact on the nation, both intentionally and unintentionally. Progressions such as The Great Migration and the Second Great Migration are examples of movements that impacted the United States greatly. During these movements, African Americans migrated to flee racism and prejudice in the South, as well as to inquire jobs in industrial cities. They were unable to escape racism, but they were able to infuse their culture into American society. During the twentieth century, economic and political problems led to movements such as The Great Migration and The Second Great Migration which impacted the United States significantly.
Due to the fact of how relevant and how it shares significance today, in a world filled with instant communication and social African American Forced Migrations and the Start of Spiritual Music
The Great Migration “’The North has reached the point where it is ready to echo almost anything the South chooses to assert’” (Boyle 79). As the memory of the Civil War faded, Northern whites began to take more and more after the whites of the South. Migrating African-Americans found that the North didn’t really measure up to the promise land due to the rise of Jim Crow, which was aided by the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling as well as discrimination in the job and housing market.
The literature does provide evidence for my hypothesis and also provides a clearer picture as to how frequent and to what extent the interbreeding is believed to occur. Examining these articles will introduce the new findin...
Professor Colin Palmer, author of “Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora,” is a Jamaican-bred historian.1 He studied at the University College of the West Indies/London and the University of Wisconsin.1 Dr. Palmer has taught history classes at Oakland University and the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York and has served as the Chair of the Department of History for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.1 Additionally, Palmer has written numerous books on Black culture, including Slaves of the White God: Black in Mexico, 1570 – 1650, Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700 – 1739 and Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America.1 Based on his upbringing, schooling and work experience, Professor Colin Palmer is more than qualified to write about the modern African diaspora.
they may have come from further up north, near the Nile river. Whichever location this
Also how all these subjects relate to me. Mutation is a change in the DNA code of an organism. Mutations can either affect the person in a negative or positive way. These changes are considered as alterations and can create new characteristics that can be inherited.