coagulation and flocculation (both processes work in tandem). In these processes, small or minute suspended particles that are present in the effluent (called colloids) and together with humic acids (produced from the decay of organic materials) form larger clumps called flocs. This allows for the settling and hence easy removal of the particles from the water; thereby achieving the removal of the turbidity from the treated water. In addition to the removal of turbidity, coagulation and flocculation also removes
Water has been one of the essential factors in the development of human settlements. Especially with the increasing population of human and industry, the demands for the quantity of water are also increasing (Binnie et al., 2002). This has become a serious concerned as the high quality of water supply has been very limited due to the contamination of water with municipal, agricultural and industrial waste that has lead to a decreasing water quality. This lead to a water treatment process as public
Motivation for Research and Objectives Louisiana contains approximately 40% of the coastal wetlands of the lower forty-eight states. Louisiana has lost up to forty square miles of marsh per year for several decades (accounting for 80% of the nation’s annual coastal wetland loss) (lacoast.gov). From a hydrologic standpoint, the wetlands replenish aquifers, hold excess floodwaters from intense rainfalls, and provide storm surge protection. The Nation also benefits from Louisiana’s coastal lands
produce a biologically and chemically risk-free water, which is both potable and palatable for human consumption (SAJ Holdings Sdn Bhd., n.d.). There are six important steps in water treatment process, namely screening, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and lastly, disinfection (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1). The first step in water treatment process is screening. Raw water undergoes physical screening to remove coarse material and debris as it comes to the water
raw water to produce potable and drinking water. They have been used to either replace existing secondary (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation) and tertiary filtration (sand filtration and chlorination) systems employed in water treatment plants. When treating water with high suspended solids, UF is often integrated into the process, utilizing primary (screening, flocculation and filtration) and some secondary treatments as pre-treatment stages. Ultrafiltration processes are currently preferred
The main purpose of flocculation is to form a group of solid particles using flocculating agents and coagulants. Coagulant is a component that used to neutralize the negative charge of a particle, which at the same times destabilizes the forces between colloids. Coagulation and flocculation are always applied subsequently in a water pre-treatment process before a physical separation process. The coagulation- flocculation method can speed up through sedimentation process
(CEPT) is a wastewater treatment method that provides as smart alternative to the conventional primary treatment. It can also be used as a proficient preliminary step of the biological secondary treatment processes. CEPT embraces coagulation and flocculation, and it accomplishes remarkable increases in the pollutants removal from the influent (Ødegaard, 1989; Rashed et al., 1997; Ayoub et al., 2013; Rashed et al., 2013a; Rashed et al., 2013b). Chemical precipitation is the technique of CEPT process
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope Emulsions, basically Oil in water (O/W) emulsions are of huge importance and they are the basis or the major building blocks of many skin care products available like sun care, moisturization, anti-aging etc. Emulsions are formed by mixing two immiscible liquids by applying an external force. Normally there are two types of emulsions i.e. oil-in- water emulsions (o/w) and water-in-oil emulsions. The liquid with higher amount is the continuous phase while the liquid with
2.1.8 Water salinity. The salinity of the water is a measure of the tоtal dissolved solids in the water phase. As salinity of the water increases, the density of the water increases, which in turn increases the differential density between the water and the оil. The increase in differential density аids in sepаration of the water and oil phases. Small amount of salt or other dissolved solids, in the water phаse will appreciably lower the interfacial tension and thus will decrease the difficulty of
Introduction Emulsion is a mixture of two liquids that is not naturally mix together which one of the liquids being dispersed as small spherical droplets. There are two types of emulsion which is oil-in-water and water-in-oil. Oil-in-water emulsion is the dispersed oil droplets in an aqueous phase of a system. For example, milk dressing and mayonnaise. In contrast, water-in-oil emulsion is the dispersed of water droplet in an oil phase of a system. For example, margarine and butter. The substance
1. Reason for the process. Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated
Clays and Pottery Ceramicists, working either on a wheel or building by hand, define three main classes of clay bodies or mixtures: earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. These are divided on the basis of firing temperatures and the character (hardness, vitrification and durability) of the final material. Each clay body is composed of a mixture of clay minerals and other materials such as sand or fine gravel and "fluxing" agents which affect the color and texture when fired. Instead of discussing
WHAT IS WASTEWATER? Wastewater is the combination of water-carried or liquid wastes starting in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, industrial or commercial facilities. In addition to this, surface water, groundwater and storm water may also be present. It is any water that has been badly affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It contains waste from residential, industrial and commercial processes. Municipal water contains industrial wastewater, sewage and gray water. Gray water is the
Protists were a dominant form of life on Earth 1.5 billion years ago (Laybourn-Parry). A protozoa, a eukaryotic organism, has existed from the beginning of time and in various environments and conditions, such as hot and cold water. Their success is mainly due to their ability to adapt to their environments. Protists are mixotrophs, meaning that they are capable heterotrophy (secondary energy derivation through the consumption of other organisms) and autotrophy (primary energy derivation
the water is then allowed to sit to and let small items sink to the bottom. For the items in the water that were not filtered out, or were able to sink are filtered out through the use of chemical reactions. The chemical processes used are called flocculation and coagulation. This process is used to clump together the particles that were to light to sink on their own. Some common compounds that are used to carry out these processes are aluminum sulfate, poly-aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, and ferric
A water filter is a device which is utilised in order to remove debris from water by making use of a fine physcial barrier, chemical process and/or using a biological process. These filters are mainly used to clean water in order for it to be used for irritation, aquariums, swimming pools and of course, drinking water. With water purification all contaminants are removed from raw water sources. The water is produced for a specific reason with a treatment profile to limit the inclusion of specific
Sydney Desalination Plant is located in the Kurnell Industrial Estate. it is a potable drinking water desalination plant which forms part of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney. It supplies water to 17 suburbs, all around the east and inner west. It is not currently needed to treat water, and therefore the treatment facilities have been turned off. However when it is required for treatment, it uses a lot of energy, requiring energy a 67 turbine wind farm at Bungador. It currently
Algae are wide species of unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that use make use of photosynthesis like plants. They may commonly, though not scientifically, referred to as leafless plants. Algae are present in almost all kinds of ecosystems, whether terrestrial or aquatic, and can live in extreme and harsh conditions [1]. Flue gases from power plants and industrial exhaust gases are responsible for a big chunk of global GHG emissions and contain up to 15% CO2 [2]. These gases can be used as
Tropical Rain Forest Soils of La Selva Tropical rain forests across the globe are currently threatened by massive deforestation for logging, grazing, and cultivation (Otzen 1993). Such land-use practices alter temperature regimes (Fernandes and Sanford 1995) as well as ground, soil, and surface water, flora, fauna, and microorganisms (Otzen 1993). These changes may result in a loss of soil organic matter, a decrease in soil fertility (Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994, Tissen et al. 1994), severe soil
4.4 Disinfection by ozone The atmospheric oxygen is in molecular form containing two atoms of oxygen. But when a high-tension electric current is passed through a stream of air in a closed chamber, triatomic molecules of oxygen are formed as shown by the following equation: O2 + O O3 Such oxygen is called ozone. The third atom is very loosely bound and the ozone easily breaks down into oxygen and releases nascent oxygen which is very powerful in killing bacteria. The ozone also